1、Designation: F355 16F355 161 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forImpact Attenuation of Playing Surface Systems, OtherProtective Sport Systems, and Materials Used for Athletics,Recreation and Play1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F355; the number immediately follow
2、ing the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEEditorially corrected A1.9 i
3、n December 2016.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the impact attenuation of surface systems and materials, specifically the peak impact acceleration(“impact shock”) produced under prescribed impact conditions.1.2 This test method is applicable to natural and artificial surface systems intended t
4、o provide impact attenuation, includingnatural and artificial turf sports fields.1.3 This test method is applicable to impact attenuating mats and padding used in sports facilities, including stadium wallpadding, gymnastic mats, wrestling mats, turf playing systems, pole vault landing systems, playg
5、round protective surfacing, andother systems.1.4 This test method is used to measure the impact attenuation of materials and components used as protective padding ontrampoline frames, goal posts, etc., provided the material or component can be tested separately from the equipment to which itis attac
6、hed.1.5 Without modifications, this test method shall not be used to test materials and components that are attached to structuresor equipment or finished products, unless the impact attenuation of the whole system is of interest.1.6 While it is widely believed that appropriate impact attenuation ca
7、n reduce the risk of impact-related injuries, therelationships between the results of this test method and specific injury risk and outcomes have not been determined.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 Thi
8、s standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2
9、.1 ASTM Standards:2D1596 Test Method for Dynamic Shock Cushioning Characteristics of Packaging MaterialE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot orProcessE691 Practice
10、for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodF1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground EquipmentF2650 Terminology Relating to Impact Testing of Sports Surfaces and Equipment2.2 SAE Standard:SAE J211/1 Ins
11、trumentation for Impact Tests - Part 1 - Electronic Instrumentation (rev. July 2007)31 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF08.52 on Miscellaneous Playing Surfaces.Curren
12、t edition approved July 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Originally approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F355 10a. DOI:10.1520/F0355-16.10.1520/F0355-16E01.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
13、 Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the us
14、er of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard a
15、s published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions of terms related to impact testing of sports surfaces equipment can be found in Terminology F2
16、650, except asnoted.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 HIC interval, nthe time interval within the acceleration-time history of an impact over which the HIC integral isevaluated.3.2.2 impact, ncontact caused by a moving object (for example, an impact test missile) striking another object (for example,a surface)
17、and during which one or both bodies are subject to high accelerations.3.2.3 impact test, na procedure in which the impact attenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials is determinedby measuring the acceleration of a missile dropped onto the surface.3.2.4 free-fall impact test, nan impac
18、t test in which the trajectory of the missile is not restrained by rails, wires, or mechanismsor structures of any type.3.2.5 guided impact test, nan impact test in which the trajectory of the missile is restrained by rails, wires, or other mechanismor structure.3.2.6 impact test results, none or mo
19、re measured or calculated values from one or more impact tests used to define the impactattenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials.3.2.7 impact test site, npoint on the surface of an installed playground surface that is selected as the target of an impact test.3.2.8 impact velocity,
20、nthe velocity (V0) of a falling body (for example, a missile) at the instant of impact.3.2.9 missile, na rigid object of specified mass and dimensions; used to impart an impact to a surface.3.2.10 impact test system, na device or system for performing an impact test in which an instrumented missile
21、as describedin AnnexA1 and AnnexA2 is used to impact the surface or surfacing materials as specified in the appropriate specification or testprocedure.3.2.11 missile reference plane, nthe plane of the flat circular face of the hemispherical missile.3.2.12 reference drop height, na specification of t
22、he theoretical drop height of an impact test.3.2.13 reference MEP pad, na modular elastomer programmer pad with consistent and known impact attenuation propertiesthat is used to verify proper functioning of the impact test equipment.3.2.14 theoretical drop height, nthe drop height (h) that, under st
23、andard conditions, would result in an impact velocity equalto a missiles measured impact velocity (V0). The standard conditions assume that friction and air resistance do not affect theacceleration of the missile and that the acceleration due to gravity is equal to the standard value of g at sea lev
24、el. In a free-fallimpact test, the actual drop height will approximate the theoretical drop height. In a guided impact test, the theoretical drop heightwill be less than the actual drop height, due to the effects of friction in the guidance mechanism.3.3 Definitions of Terms Related to the Measureme
25、nt of Acceleration Used in Annexes:3.3.1 accelerometer, na transducer for measuring acceleration.3.3.1.1 transducer, nthe first device in data channel, used to convert a physical quantity to be measured into a second quantity(such as an electrical voltage) which can be processed by the remainder of
26、the channel.3.3.1.2 triaxial accelerometer, na transducer or combination of transducers used for measuring the three vector componentsof acceleration in three dimensions, relative to three orthogonal spatial axes.3.3.1.3 uniaxial accelerometer, na transducer used to measure the component of accelera
27、tion relative to a single spatial axis.3.3.2 accelerometer data channel, nall of the instrumentation used to communicate information about the physical quantityof acceleration from its origin to the point of presentation.The data channel includes all transducers, signal conditioners, amplifiers,filt
28、ers, digitizers, recording devices, cables and interconnectors through which the information passes and also includes theanalytical software or procedures that may change the frequency, amplitude, or timing of the data.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A test specimen is impacted at a specified velocity
29、with a specific missile of given mass and geometry as stipulated in aspecification or test method.An accelerometer mounted in the missile is used to record the acceleration-time history of the impactand the peak acceleration is used as a measure of impact severity. Optionally, the displacement histo
30、ry of the impact may also berecorded.4.2 This test method defines three missiles for use in playing surface impact tests:4.2.1 Missiles A and D are both cylindrical, with specified mass and geometry and a circular, flat, metal impacting surface.Thesemissiles are used with a guidance mechanism.4.2.2
31、Missile E has a hemispherical impacting surface of specified mass and geometry and is used with a guidance system or,if equipped with a triaxial accelerometer, without guidance (“free-fall”).F355 16124.2.3 The specific masses and geometries of the missiles are detailed in Annex A1.5. Significance an
32、d Use5.1 The results of this method quantify the impact attenuation of playing surface and system specimens under the specific testconditions.5.2 The test method measures the outcome of impacts performed under specific conditions. It does not quantify the intrinsicmaterial properties of the tested s
33、pecimens.5.3 Test results from different specimens obtained under the same conditions (that is, the same missile mass and geometry, dropheight, etc.) are used to compare impact attenuation under those conditions.5.4 Test results obtained under different conditions are not comparable. Specifically ob
34、tained with different missiles are notequivalent and cannot be directly compared. Similarly, test results obtained using the same missile, but using different drop heights,are not directly comparable.6. Apparatus6.1 The user is to select the appropriate apparatus as called for in the test method or
35、specification for the testing.NOTE 1The apparatus is detailed in Annex A1.7. Test Specimen7.1 Test specimens shall represent the surface system or protective padding as it is intended to be used. The minimum distancebetween the outer dimension of the missile and the edge of the specimen shall be at
36、least 25.4 mm (1 in.) and no less than thethickness of the specimen.7.2 Where the sample is to be tested in a controlled laboratory a method of confinement for the sample is required whenspecified in the appropriate standard.7.3 Where the test is to be performed on an installed surface or in a locat
37、ion where it is to be used, there will be a testing protocolin the system specifications that will state the test procedure. The procedure can include, the theoretical drop height, test locations,surface preparation, temperature and requirements for the collection, recording and reporting of data.7.
38、4 Where the missiles and Annex A1 and Annex A2 are used in the testing of surface systems, the appropriate specificationshall provide any reference or confirmation procedures required.8. Number of Specimens8.1 The number of specimens tested as a sample can vary widely, depending upon the intended us
39、e of the data. It isrecommended that at least two specimens be tested for each set of conditions. To obtain a specific quality assurance level, thesampling procedures of Practices E105 and E122 shall be followed.8.2 The appropriate specification will have requirements for number and size of samples
40、required for laboratory testing.8.3 Where the testing is to take place at the site of installation or use, the appropriate standard will provide direction to theperson performing the testing as to the number of test locations and how they are determined.9. Conditioning Laboratory Testing9.1 Do not s
41、tack the specimens during any conditioning. They shall be under the intended use condition or preconditioned at50 6 2 % relative humidity and 23 6 2C for a minimum of 4 h, or until desired temperature is attained. Samples to be testedat other than these conditions shall be stored in the desired envi
42、ronment for at least 4 h, or until they reach the desired temperature,before testing. Samples shall be tested (that is, impacted) within 10 s after removal from the environmental chamber. Samples shallbe returned to the environmental chamber within 20 s after impact and stored for at least 2 h betwe
43、en drops. Testing at other thanambient precludes conducting successive drops at short time intervals.9.2 The specification to which the sample is being tested will outline all requirements for conditioning of laboratory testsamples.9.3 The specification to which the surface system is being tested in
44、 the field will outline all requirements of conditioning orpreparation requirements for the surface or the selection of the test location.NOTE 2Due to differing thermal conductivities and the extreme time dependence of temperature profiles in most materials exposed to extreme surfacetemperature chan
45、ges there may be variability introduced by this type of testing.10. Procedure10.1 Perform an instrument check as described for the appropriate instrument in AnnexA1 and AnnexA2. Reference drops areperformed appropriate to the test.F355 161310.2 Place the specimen under the missile, or orient the dyn
46、amic test equipment over the playing surface system.10.3 Determine the baseline by preloading the test specimen to 6.8 kPa (1.0 psi) for Procedure A and adjusting the recorder toread zero penetration. When testing at other than ambient conditions, determine the baseline with the sample at the desire
47、d testtemperature.10.4 Set the theoretical drop height to obtain the desired impact velocity.10.5 Release the missile, and record the results in accordance with the recommended procedures of the equipmentmanufacturers.10.6 Make three consecutive drops at intervals of 1 6 0.5 min, unless otherwise sp
48、ecified (see Annex A1).10.7 Ensure the measured drop height corresponds with the theoretical drop height.11. Evaluation of the Data11.1 Select the appropriate calculations as the relevant specification.11.2 GmaxDetermine the maximum deceleration in the time-deceleration history to the closest G.11.3
49、 The drop test data shall be reviewed at the time of testing and evaluated for Gmax, velocity, and anomalies in the data, forexample large variation in peak from one drop to the other for the same location, that could affect the validity of the data.11.3.1 Where an anomaly is found, the testing shall be terminated and the device brought into compliance prior to proceeding.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Complete identification of material tested, including type, source, manufacturers lot number (if appropriate), thickness(if
