1、Designation: E430 11Standard Test Methods forMeasurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by AbridgedGoniophotometry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E430; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of thereflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearanceof h
3、igh-gloss surfaces. Three test methods, A, B and C, areprovided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specularangles of 30, 20 and 30, respectively. These test methods arenot suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measurecolor, another appearance attribute.1.2 As originally develo
4、ped by Tingle and others (see Refs1 and 2),2the test methods were applied only to bright metals.Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotivefinishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.1.3 The DOI of a glossy surface is generally independent ofits curvature. The DOI measurement by this test m
5、ethod islimited to flat or flattenable surfaces.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D523 Test Method for Specular GlossD2457 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films andSolid PlasticsE171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning andTesting Flexible Barrier MaterialsE177 Practice
6、for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties ofMaterialsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE691 Practice for Cond
7、ucting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsAppearance terms in this test method arein accordance with Terminology E284.3.2 Terms that are defined in Ter
8、minology E284, but have aspecific definition in this method are:3.2.1 reflectance, p, nratio of the reflected radiant orluminous flux to the incident flux in the given conditions.(E284)3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe term reflectance is often used in ageneral sense or as an abbreviation for reflectance factor
9、. Suchusage is not assumed in this method. The definition mayrequire that the term be modified by adjectives denoting thespectral and geometric conditions of measurement.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 reflection haze, H, nfor a specified specular angle,ratio of flux reflect
10、ed at a specified angle (or angles) from thespecular direction to the flux similarly reflected at the specularangle by a specified gloss standard.3.3.1.1 DiscussionModifiers may be used to specify theangles at which the haze is measured (for example, 2, 5 or15); whether H or a logarithmic form is to
11、 be stated; orwhether H is to be compensated for the luminance of thespecimen by multiplication by Yspecimen/Yn, where n denotes thereference white; or any combination of these.3.3.2 metallic brightness, nfreedom of a metal surfacefrom diffuse haze or texture.1These test methods are under the jurisd
12、iction of ASTM Committee E12 onColor and Appearance and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 onGeometry.Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originallyapproved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E430 05. DOI:10.1520/E0430-11.2The boldface number
13、s in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis method.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe
14、ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3.3 with-machine direction, nthe axis of a specimenthat is parallel to the direction of mill rolling or extrusion, orother surface-finish texture.3.3.4 across-machine dir
15、ection, nthe perpendicular towith-machine direction.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Several geometrically different measures of light re-flected by a surface are proposed for use in describing its glossappearance.4.1.1 Test Method AAgloss reflectance factor is measuredat 30 to the specimen normal using
16、 narrow illuminator andreceiver aperture angles (0.5 wide maximum). Distinctness-of-image gloss is measured at 29.7 or 30.3, or both. Narrow-angle (2) reflection haze is measured at 28 or 32, or both,and wide-angle (5) reflection haze at 25 or 35, or both. Theratio of reflectance factors for 28 or 3
17、2, or both, perpendicu-lar and parallel to the machine direction of the specimen, iscomputed as a measure of directionality.4.1.2 Test Method BAspecular gloss is measured at 20 inaccordance with Test Method D523, and narrow-angle reflec-tion haze is measured at 18.1 and 21.9. For additionalinformati
18、on on the selection of geometric conditions, seeGuide E179.4.1.3 Test Method CAgloss reflectance factor is measuredat 30 to the specimen normal using narrow illuminator andreceiver aperture angles (0.5 wide maximum). Distinctness-of-image gloss is measured at 29.7 and 30.3. Narrow-angle(2) reflectio
19、n haze is measured at 28 and 32, and wide-angle(15) reflection haze at 15.5. Significance and Use5.1 The gloss of metallic finishes is important commerciallyon metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses wherethese metals undergo special finishing processes to produce theappearances desired
20、. It is important for the end-products,which use such finished metals that parts placed together havethe same glossy appearance.5.2 It is also important that automotive finishes and otherhigh-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finishedappearance. The present method identifies by measurem
21、entsimportant aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets ofFIG. 1 Optical Diagram of the Apparatus for Method AE430 112numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. Itusually requires more than one measurement to identifyproperly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).6
22、. Apparatus6.1 The apparatus shall be an abridged goniophotometer(see Fig. 1, Fig. 2, and Fig. 3). The abridged goniophotometermay have a fixed angle of incidence (for Test Method A, 30;for Test Method B, 20; for Test Method C, 30) and specificfixed directions of view at which the flux from the spec
23、imen ismeasured (see Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3).46.1.1 Geometric Conditions for Test Method AThe direc-tion of incidence shall be 30. The directions of view shall beopposite the direction of incidence at 30 for specular reflec-tance, 29.7 or 30.3 for distinctness of image comparisons,28 or 32 fo
24、r narrow-angle haze comparisons, and 25 or 35for wide-angle haze comparisons. The angular dimensions ofthe mirror reflected image of the source slit in the plane ofmeasurement and the angular dimensions of the receiverwindows in this plane of measurement shall be as shown inTable 1.6.1.2 Geometric C
25、onditions for Test Method BThe direc-tion of incidence shall be 20 6 0.1. The directions of viewshall be opposite the direction of incidence, at 20 for speculargloss measurement and at 18.1 and 21.9 for narrow-anglereflection haze measurement. The angular dimensions of thespecularly reflected image
26、of the source slit in the plane ofmeasurement and the angular dimensions of the receiverwindows in this plane of measurement shall be as shown inTable 2.6.1.3 Geometric Conditions for Test Method CThe direc-tion of incidence shall be 30. The directions of view shall beopposite the direction of incid
27、ence at 30 for specular reflec-tance, 29.7 and 30.3 for distinctness of image comparisons,28 and 32 for narrow-angle haze comparisons, and 15 forwide-angle haze comparisons. The angular dimensions of themirror reflected image of the source slit in the plane ofmeasurement and the angular dimensions o
28、f the receiverwindows in this plane of measurement shall be as shown inTable 3.6.1.4 Spectral ConditionsThe measurement shall be madewith visible light to give results in accordance with the CIEspectral luminous efficiency function V (l), which is identicalwith y in the CIE 1931 standard observer an
29、d CIE standardilluminant C (see Practice E308 and Test Method E1347). Ifanother illuminant such as A, is used, this shall be specified inthe report.6.1.5 PolarizationThe incident flux shall be unpolarizedand the receiver shall be insensitive to the state of polarizationof the reflected luminous flux
30、.6.1.6 ClampFor Test Method A, a rotatable clamp of thetype shown in Fig. 4 may be used for flattening and positioningthe specimen during measurement.6.1.7 WeightsFor Test Method C, a unit orientation or aweight similar to the type shown in Fig. 5 may be used forflattening and positioning the specim
31、en during measurement.7. Standards7.1 Three calibrated standards of good planarity shall beavailable in either a set of metals or a set of nonmetals,depending upon which type of surface is measured.7.2 High-Gloss Standards:7.2.1 High-Gloss Standard for Metals shall be of alumi-num, evaporated onto g
32、lass and covered with a protectivecoating of silicon monoxide, and calibrated for specular glossand distinctness-of-image gloss.7.2.2 High-Gloss Standard for Nonmetals shall be of highlypolished black glass with a refractive index of approximatelynD= 1.527, calibrated for specular gloss and reflecti
33、on haze,and assigned a scale value of Gs= 89.4 for a specular angle of30 (Test Methods A and C) or Gs= 89.2 for a specular angleof 20 (Test Method B).NOTE 1To determine the scale value, calculate the first-surface(Fresnel) reflectance (see Test Method D2457, Instrumental ComponentsinApparatus sectio
34、n) for nD= 1.567 and the specular angle of interest; for30 it is 5.0436 % and for 20 it is 4.9078 %. Assign this a scale value of4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timefor Method A is Hunter Associates Laboratory, Reston, VA, for Method B isBYK-Gardner USA, Co
35、lumbia, MD, and for Method C is TRICOR Systems Inc.,Elgin, IL. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informationto ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid-eration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.FIG
36、. 2 Optical Diagram of the Apparatus for Method BE430 113100 (see Test Method D523, Primary Standards in Reference Standardssection). Repeat the calculation for np= 1.527 and the same specularangle; the result for 30 is 4.5069 % and for 20, 4.3769 %. The new scalevalue for 30 is 100 3 (4.5069/5.0436
37、) = 89.4, and for 20,100 3 (4.3769/4.9078) = 89.2. (The latter value is also given in TestMethod D523.)7.3 Intermediate Standards:7.3.1 Intermediate Standard for Metals shall be of eitherchromium evaporated onto glass and covered with a protectivecoating of silicon monoxide, or of bright sheet alumi
38、num withprotective coating and calibrated for specular gloss anddistinctness-of-image gloss.7.3.2 Intermediate Standard for Nonmetals shall be of aceramic material, such as porcelain enamel on steel, andcalibrated for specular gloss and distinctness-of-image gloss.7.4 Diffuse Standards shall have a
39、reflectance factor sub-stantially constant over the angular range of the instrument.FIG. 3 Optical Diagram of the Apparatus for Method CTABLE 1 Dimensions of the Mirror Image of the Source-Slit and of the Receptor Windows Measured in the Plane of the ReceivingWindows (see Fig. 1)Method ASource-Slit
40、MirrorImage, Specular ReceiverWindow, Distinctness-of-Image (60.29)Receiver Window, Haze ReceiverWindows,Angle of center of window (measured fromperpendicular to specimen surface)30 30 30.3 and 29.7 28 and 32 or25 and 35Width (in the plane of the angle of reflection) 0.44 6 0.01 0.4 6 0.01 0.14 6 0.
41、01 0.4 6 0.1 or0.5 6 0.1Length (across the plane of the angle ofreflection)5.0 6 13.06 13.06 13.06 1E430 1147.5 Care of StandardsIt is essential that the standards bekept clean and free of scratches as well as from contact withcontaminating materials. The cleaning method specified by theinstrument m
42、anufacturer shall be followed and the standardsshould be checked at regular intervals against reference stan-dards held in reserve.8. Specimens8.1 Specimens shall be obtained from test samples byselecting areas that are plane and representative of each samplebeing tested. Every specimen must be at l
43、east 234 in. (70 mm)in the smallest dimension. Specimens may be larger so long asit is possible to insert them into the instrument and flatten themproperly for measurement.8.2 For Method A, a specimen may be considered to beproperly flattened when no portion of the measured specimensurface deviates
44、from the sample plane by more than 0.15 deg.9. Preparation and Standardization of Apparatus9.1 The instrument must be used in a clean dry area free ofdrafts. Standard laboratory conditions are recommended (seeReferenced Documents section in Specification E171). Voltageregulation to 60.01 % must be i
45、ncorporated in the instrument,or supplied separately. Follow manufacturers recommenda-tions for instrument warm-up.9.2 StandardizationAdjust the instrument to read thesame gloss reflectance factor for the intensity of light reflectedfrom the diffuse standard through the specular, distinctness-of-ima
46、ge, and haze apertures.Adjust the instrument to read valuesof specular gloss and distinctness-of-image gloss assigned thealuminum mirror if metal surfaces are being measured; or theblack gloss standard if nonmetal surfaces are being measured.If the instrument does not then read the appropriate inter
47、me-diate standard within the limits set by the instrument manufac-turer, refocus or restandardize following the manufacturersinstructions.10. Procedure10.1 Bring the specimen to the instrument for measurement.Be sure the specimen is flat.NOTE 2The measured DOI will be erroneously low in the measure-
48、ment direction if there is excessive specimen curvature in that direction.TABLE 2 Dimensions of the Specular Image of the Source-Slit and of the Receptor Windows Measured in the Plane of the ReceivingWindows (see Fig. 2)Method BSource-SlitSpecular Image, Specular GlossReceiver Window, Haze ReceiverW
49、indow, Angle of center of window (measured fromperpendicular to specimen surface)20.0 6 0.1 20.0 6 0.1 18.1 6 0.1and21.9 6 0.1Width (in the plane of the angle of reflection) 0.75 6 0.1 1.8 6 0.05 1.8 6 0.1Length (across the plane of the angle of reflection) 2.5 6 0.25 3.6 6 0.1 5.5 6 0.25TABLE 3 Dimensions of the Mirror Image of the Source-Slit and of the Receptor Windows Measured in the Plane of the ReceivingWindows (see Fig. 3)Method CSource-Slit MirrorImage, Specular Receive
