1、Designation: E 514/E 514M 09Standard Test Method forWater Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 514/E 514M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test method2provides a proc
3、edure fordetermining the resistance to water penetration and leakagethrough unit masonry subjected to wind-driven rain.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachs
4、ystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establ
5、ish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specifichazard statement, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C 270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC 1232 Terminology of Masonry2.2 American Conc
6、rete Institute Standard:4ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 Building Code Requirementsfor Masonry StructuresACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602 Specifications for MasonryStructures3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer toTerminology C 1232.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method pro
7、vides information that aids inevaluating the effect of four principal variables: materials,coatings, wall design, and workmanship.4.2 Water penetration and leakage through masonry issignificantly affected by air pressure in the test chamber. Datafrom tests made at different pressures are not compara
8、ble.4.3 The performance of a masonry wall is a function ofmaterials, construction, wall design, and maintenance. Inservice the performance will also depend on the rigidity ofsupporting structure and on the resistance of components todeterioration by various causes, such as corrosion, vibration,therm
9、al expansion and contraction, curing, and others. It isimpossible to simulate the complex conditions encountered inservice, such as variations in wind velocity, negative pressure,and lateral or upward moving air and water. Factors such aslocation, exposure, and wall openings should be considered.4.4
10、 Given the complexity of variables noted above, this testmethod establishes comparative behavior between variousmasonry wall constructions in a given laboratory.4.5 Even when a single laboratory tests the same walldesign utilizing the same wall materials and the same construc-tion practices, variabl
11、es such as the level of skill of the masonbuilding the specimen, the temperature and humidity in thelaboratory at the time of construction, curing of the specimen,the moisture contents of the materials used to build thespecimen, and even the use or lack of use of a lime and waterwash on the back of
12、the specimen can affect the results of thetest making reliable comparisons dubious. For these reasonsand the multi-variables listed in 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, a meaningful,useful, absolute wall leakage rating standard is impractical anddiscouraged.5. Apparatus5.1 Test ChamberUse a test chamber similar to
13、 thatshown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Provide an opening with aminimum area of 1.08 m212 ft2. For example, 900 mm1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.04 on Research.Current edition approved Aug.
14、1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originallyapproved in 1974. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E 514 08.2This test method is based upon those used by the National Bureau of Standardsand described in NBS Report BMS7, “Water Permeability of Masonry Walls,” 1933,and NBS Report BMS82, “Water Perm
15、eability of Walls Built of Masonry Units,”1942.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Published by
16、The Masonry Society, www.masonrysociety.org; American Con-crete Institute, www.aci-int.org; and American Society of Civil Engineers,www.asce.org.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
17、19428-2959, United States.36 in. wide and 1200 mm 48 in. high is suitable. Line theedges of the chamber in contact with the specimen with aclosed-cell compressible gasket material or appropriate sealant.Provide an observation port in the face of the chamber. Providea 19.0-mm 34-in. diameter corrosio
18、n-resistant spray pipe witha single line of 1.0-mm 0.04-in. diameter holes spaced 25.0mm 1 in. apart.5.2 Fixtures and Appurtenances to ChamberFixtures andappurtenances to the chamber shall include an air line withmanometer, a water line with valves, a flow meter andmanometer and a water drain pipe a
19、t the bottom of thechamber. Position the water spray pipe so that the waterimpinges the specimen not more than 75.0 mm 3.00 in. belowthe top of the test chamber.NOTE 1A drain pipe that discharges into a reservoir equipped with anadjustable depth air outlet pipe and top baffles has been found to redu
20、cesurge.5.3 ManometerMeasure the air pressure in the chamberusing a manometer or other device capable of measuring airpressures of at least 51 mm 2.0 in. of water (71.7 kPa10.4 psf) to an accuracy of 2.5 mm 0.1 in. or 3.6 kPa 0.52psf. Connect the manometer or other device to the chamberaway from the
21、 air inlet so that the air flow will not significantlyinfluence the pressure reading.5.4 Other equipment includes devices for handling thespecimen and measuring time, water quantities, temperature,and humidity.6. Hazards6.1 The use of this test method will require careful designconsideration of both
22、 air chamber and support of the wallsystem to avoid possible injury due to equipment or specimenfailure.7. Temperature and Humidity Conditions7.1 Maintain the air in the laboratory at a temperature of 246 8C 75 6 15F and a relative humidity of 55 6 25 %.8. Test Specimens8.1 Masonry MaterialsMasonry
23、and associated materialsshall be representative of the construction or the materials thatare being considered. Precondition all materials by storing inlaboratory environment for not less than 5 days before use.8.2 Size of Test WallsThe height and length of thespecimen shall provide a minimum of 1.08
24、 m212 ft2 exposedto the test, plus at least a 200-mm 8-in. overlap on all edges.The minimum height or length of the specimen shall be 1.22 m4 ft. The length of the specimen shall be such that at least onehead joint in each course of masonry is exposed to the test.8.3 Building Wall SpecimensConstruct
25、 the specimen us-ing methods and workmanship being considered for the work(Note 2). Build the wall specimen on an inverted steel channelsection as shown in Fig. 2 (Note 3). Also, as shown in Fig. 2,build a lower flashing and upper water trough as described in8.3.1 and 8.3.2.NOTE 2Standards for mason
26、ry construction are contained in theFIG. 1 Isometric Projection of Testing ChamberE 514/E 514M 092following documents: ACI 530/ASCE 5/TMS 402 Building Code Re-quirements for Masonry Structures and ACI 530.1/ASCE 6/TMS 602Specifications for Masonry Structures.NOTE 3The top of the wall may require bra
27、cing to be stable.8.3.1 Install a lower flashing into a mortar joint that is atleast one course below the upper water trough. Pass the lowerflashing completely through the wall, upturn it on the chamberside, and seal with a bead of caulk. Project this lower flashingout from the backside of the wall
28、with a u or v profile designedto funnel water that passes through the bottom of the wall intoa collection device.8.3.2 Install an upper water trough in the bed joint imme-diately below the bottom of the test chamber. Project the upperwater trough no more than 25 mm 1.0 in., or no more than thethickn
29、ess of a face shell, into a mortar joint on the backside ofthe wall. Project this upper water trough out from the backsideof the wall with a u or v profile designed to funnel water thatpenetrates through the wall above the trough into a separatecollection device.8.4 Number of SpecimensTest at least
30、3 specimens.8.5 Storage of SpecimensRetain specimens in the labora-tory during storage enclosed in an impervious plastic wrapimmediately after construction and cured in this manner for 7days. After 7 days, remove the wrap and continue curing for atleast 7 more days in laboratory air.9. Procedure9.1
31、Apply a 10-mm 38-in. minimum thick coat of mortarparging to all exposed surfaces of the specimen except the backside of the wall and the area enclosed by the test chamber.9.1.1 For walls constructed with solid units and for wallsconstructed with hollow units which are filled solid with groutor other
32、 materials, apply a minimum 10 mm 38 in. thick coatof mortar parging to the top surface of the specimen. For wallswith open cells or cavities, seal an impervious material such asa transparent plastic sheet capable of withstanding the testpressure to the top of the wall to prevent evaporation or airm
33、ovement through the top of the wall. If the top covering isremoved to permit viewing or photographing inside these voidspaces, do not remove for longer than 10 min per hour oftesting.NOTE 4Historically, 10 mm 38 in. thick mortar parging has beenused as an air and moisture barrier on all exposed surf
34、aces except thebackside of the wall and the area enclosed by the test chamber.Alternativecoating materials may be used if they provide resistance to movement ofair and moisture that is the same as or greater than the mortar parging.Research has found that typical parge coats of Specification C 270pr
35、oportioned mortars have air permeances in the approximate range of 7.53 10-4to 7.5 3 10-3l/(sm2)1.5 3 10-4to 1.5 3 10-3ft3/min/ft2 andwater vapor permeances of approximately 1400 to 3100 ng/(sm2Pa) 25to 55 perm. Using a coating as a substitute material may not beappropriate for highly irregular surf
36、aces such as split face architecturalconcrete masonry units because of difficulty of obtaining a seal with thetest chamber. In those cases, a 10 mm 38 in. thick parge coat of mortarprovides a smooth surface to facilitate establishment of a seal.NOTE 5A lime and water wash may be brush applied to bac
37、k face ofthe wall to make moisture detection easier on dark surfaces. A portlandcement and water wash should not be used.9.2 Mounting ChamberPosition the test chamber on thespecimen and clamp firmly in place, compressing the gasket orapplying a sealant to form a seal.NOTE 6Too much clamping force co
38、uld crack the specimen.9.3 Adjust the rate of water application to 138 L/m23.4gal/ft2 of wall per hour.FIG. 2 General Arrangement of Water Penetration Testing Chamber SystemE 514/E 514M 0939.4 Simultaneously with the application of water, increasethe air pressure within the chamber. If the pressure
39、is notspecified, apply a pressure of 500 Pa 10 lbf/ft2. Supplyslightly more air than is needed to maintain pressure andadjust, if necessary, to prevent excessive surge in the waterreservoir.9.5 Maintain the specified conditions for a period of not lessthan 4 h.NOTE 7 Care should be taken in specifyi
40、ng the test duration. The testshould be long enough to permit evaluation of the materials, coatings,design, and workmanship.10. Record of Observation10.1 During the4hoftesting, make observations at 30-minintervals. If testing is extended beyond 4 h, establish observa-tion intervals beyond4hasrequire
41、d to document specimenperformance. Record the following:10.1.1 Time of appearance of dampness on back of speci-men.10.1.2 Time of appearance of first visible water on the backof the specimen.10.1.3 Area of dampness on back of wall expressed as apercent of the chamber area.10.1.4 Total water collecte
42、d from the upper water trough.10.1.5 Total water collected from the lower flashing.11. Retesting11.1 If required, return the specimens to storage and retest atage 28 days or later and re-evaluate.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Description of all materials including coatings,
43、ma-sonry units, mortar materials, and composition of mortar usedto construct the wall specimens, and their properties asdetermined by the appropriate standards.12.1.2 Description of specimen wall design and details ofconstruction. Include photographs and drawings as necessary.12.1.3 If an alternativ
44、e air and moisture barrier material isused as a substitute for the mortar parging at the sides and frontof the test specimen, provide the type, minimum appliedthickness, manufacturer, and brand name of the substitutionmaterial.12.1.4 Detailed description of the quality of workmanshipused in construc
45、tion of test specimens.12.1.5 Conditions of test.12.1.6 Record of observations as required in Section 9.12.1.7 Record of temperature and humidity in the laboratoryduring construction, curing, and test periods.12.1.8 Age of test specimen at the time of test, and re-test,if applicable.13. Precision an
46、d Bias13.1 No statement is made either on the precision or on thebias of this test method for testing water penetration or leakagethrough masonry due to the test variables involved.14. Keywords14.1 air-pressure; laboratory test; manometer; masonry;simulated wind driven rain; test chamber; water pene
47、tration;water spray pipeSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E 514 08)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Aug. 1, 2009.)(1) Subsection 12.1.3 was modified to add reporting of theminimum applied thicknes
48、s of the substitute parging material,if used.Committee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E 514 06)that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved June 1, 2008.)(1) Note 4 and subsection 12.1.3 were added to allow alterna-tive air and moist
49、ure barriers in lieu of mortar parging. Allsubsequent notes and subsections were renumbered in sequen-tial order.E 514/E 514M 094ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any
