1、Designation: E529 04 (Reapproved 2018)Standard Guide forConducting Flexural Tests on Beams and Girders forBuilding Construction1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers
3、 the flexural testing of beams andgirders under simulated service conditions to determine theirstructural performance characteristics. Methods following thisguide are intended primarily for constructions that may notconform with the relatively simple assumptions upon whichwell-known flexural theorie
4、s are based. In some cases, they arealso suitable for determining the structural adequacy of thedesign, materials, connections, and fabrication techniques. Themethods are not intended for use in routine quality controltests.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
5、any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific precautionary statement, see 7.1.1.3 This international standa
6、rd was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Ref
7、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-sembliesE631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminology E631.4. Signific
8、ance4.1 This guide provides a general procedure for conductingflexural load tests on beams and girders of all types. Strength,stiffness, creep, or other useful properties may be obtained.When round-robin tests are to be conducted, a standardized setof procedures conforming to this guide should be ag
9、reed uponby the participants prior to testing to ensure a uniform basis forcomparison.5. Types of Tests5.1 The flexural test is categorized as either a proof test oran ultimate load test. A proof test is intended to give assurancethat the member will support a certain minimum short-termload, or to d
10、etermine the deflection and recovery resulting fromthe application and removal of such a load. In carrying on a testto failure (ultimate load), more detailed information can beobtained, such as the proportional limit, yield point, ultimatecapacity, mode of failure, load-deflection characteristics, a
11、ndthe adequacy of connectors and connections.5.2 Both laboratory and field tests are acceptable.5.3 The types of tests described above apply to beamssubjected to short-term static loads. If cyclic, dynamic, orlong-term sustained load tests are undertaken, care should betaken to ensure that procedure
12、s are consistent, that the testsetup is reliable, and that load points cannot shift betweencycles or impacts.6. Apparatus6.1 Loading method, type of test equipment, type ofinstrumentation, and so forth, are not specified, but are dis-cussed in general terms, with the final choices being left to thed
13、iscretion of the testing agency or controlling regulatory body.7. Safety Precautions7.1 Tests of this type can be dangerous. Equipment andfacilities must be designed with ample safety factors to assure1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the d
14、irect responsibility of Subcommittee E06.11 on Horizontaland Vertical Structures/Structural Performance of Completed Structures.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approvedin 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E529 04 (2011). DOI:10.1520/E0529-04R18.2F
15、or referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C70
16、0, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the Wo
17、rld Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1that it is the specimen that fails and not the test apparatus orfacilities. Observers and sensitive instrumentation must be keptaway from beams when loading to failure or in a range whereperformance is unknown. Gravity loading with
18、concreteblocks, metal bars, sand, or similar materials can be veryhazardous at failure as collapse may be sudden and complete.8. Number of Tests8.1 The number of like beams required for the tests willvary with the desired accuracy and reliability of the informa-tion to be obtained and with the purpo
19、se of the tests. Thenumber chosen should be compatible with the purpose of thetests and agreeable to all parties concerned regarding thesignificance of the results. However, no fewer than twoidentical tests should be performed.9. Test Specimen9.1 Specimens shall be typical of those anticipated inser
20、vice or as required for the purpose of the tests. Materials,fabrication, fasteners, connections, and so forth shall be repre-sentative. If the materials used require time to come to fullstrength, sufficient time shall be allowed between fabricationand testing for proper curing. This period of time w
21、ill varybetween materials but should be no less than that specified byapplicable building codes or in the manufacturers recommen-dations.10. Preparation of Apparatus10.1 Test Set-up:10.1.1 Loads are applied using a testing machine, hydraulicrams, dead weights, or by other appropriate means. Set-upsm
22、ay be designed to test the specimens either horizontally orvertically. It is recommended that the specimens be tested inthe same position as assumed in the design. Regardless of theposition of the member in the test fixture, the loading apparatusmust be capable of applying the same forces, shears, a
23、ndmoments that the actual member in its proposed usage isintended to resist.10.1.2 Provide supports that are capable of carrying thereactions without significant deformation or lateral movement.They are to be typical of those anticipated in service, or asrequired to satisfy the purpose of the tests.
24、 If the expectedservice conditions are unknown, provide supports that simulatethe most stringent conditions likely to occur, or that wouldinduce the most critical effects on the specimens.10.1.3 Weigh materials used for gravity loading to anaccuracy of 61 %. Other types of loading equipment shall be
25、capable of applying loads with similar accuracy.10.2 Instrumentation and Measurement:10.2.1 Calibrate instrumentation and load-measuring de-vices to 61 % accuracy. In some indirect methods of loadmeasurement, the load on the beam and that indicated may notbe quite the same. Better accuracy in load d
26、etermination isobtained when the magnitude is directly indicated. This can bedone by the use of proving rings or load cells at the reactionsor at the points of loading, or by adequate mechanical orelectronic devices.10.2.2 Deformation Readings:10.2.2.1 Deformation readings can be obtained in a numbe
27、rof ways. One of the simplest methods is by use of a taut wireplaced along the length of the beam. When a taut wire is used,the mountings for the wire should be above the two endsupports on the beam at or close to the neutral axis. Maintaina reasonably constant tension on the wire by means of pulley
28、sand weights, springs, or by other suitable means. Take readingsfrom a scale and mirror attached to the beam at the measure-ment points. Read the scale by lining up the taut wire with itsreflection in the mirror.10.2.2.2 Other common methods of measuring deforma-tions involve the use of micrometer d
29、ial gages or linearvariable differential transformers attached to a suitable refer-ence bar and bearing at the desired points on the beam. Mountthe reference bar for supporting the deflection-measuringapparatus on the beam above the two end supports at or closeto the neutral axis. Deformations can a
30、lso be determined byusing a surveyors level and reading scales attached to thebeam. In all cases, the method used shall compensate for anysettlement of the reaction supports.10.2.3 Strain readings can be taken by any of the manystrain indicators and gaging systems commercially available.Follow a con
31、sistent procedure in taking strain readings toensure results that will produce reliable stress-strain data.NOTE 1The use of strain gages on wood beams should be approachedwith great caution. Local variation in the stiffness of wood can cause asignificant difference between the strain measured on the
32、 surface of thebeam and the true strain through the entire beam depth.11. Loading Procedure11.1 Support, brace laterally, and load the beam in a mannerthat closely simulates service conditions or satisfies the intentof the test.11.2 Before the test is begun, document any defects or otherexisting cha
33、racteristics that could be confused as being causedby the test.11.3 Apply and remove the load or loads in equal incre-ments or continuously and at as uniform a rate a possible.Record the load, load rate, deformations, and other desired dataat each increment or decrement. Choose the load intervals so
34、that sufficient measurements can be made to develop a satis-factory load-deformation or stress-strain curve. Usually thiscan be achieved when each of the increments of load does notexceed 20 % of the service dead plus live load. This shouldprovide approximately ten or more points on the load versusd
35、eformation curve at failure. Select a rate of load applicationthat is consistent with the purpose of the tests. When loads areapplied by a testing machine, either a constant rate of loadingor constant rate of straining is used.11.4 Except in the instance of impact tests, after eachincrement of load
36、is applied, maintain the load level at asconstant a level as possible for a period of 5 min (see Note 2).11.4.1 Take deformation readings as soon as practical afterload application, at the end of the 5-min period under constantload, and immediately and at the end of the 5-min period afterany partial
37、 or complete load release. Plot initial and 5-minreadings in the form of load-deformation curves. Maintaincomplete load-deformation-time records throughout the test.E529 04 (Reapproved 2018)211.4.2 If application of a given load is required for a certainperiod, such as 24 h, take deformation reading
38、s at thebeginning, and at equal intervals during this period, to allowthe satisfactory plotting of a time-deformation curve for thecomplete period.NOTE 2Reasons for the 5-min application of constant-level incrementloads are as follows:(1) To permit the assembly to come to a substantial rest prior to
39、 takingthe second set of readings. (Depending upon the method employed forapplying the test load, it may be necessary to continue, at a reduced rate,the motion of the loading device in order to maintain the constant loadlevel during the 5-min period.)(2) To provide sufficient time for making all obs
40、ervations. (Longer timeintervals may be required under certain conditions.)(3) To observe any time-dependent deformation or load redistributionor both, and to record accurately the load level when time-dependentdeformation starts, that is, at the divergence of the immediate and delayedload-deformati
41、on curves. This load level may, under certain conditions,have an important bearing on the design load.(4) To be able to stop the test, if this should be desirable, prior to totalfailure or after initial failure has been anticipated as a result of theobservations.(5) To assure uniformity in test perf
42、ormance and consistency in testresults.11.5 Note and record visual and audible signs of distress inthe beam, any deformation at connections and joints, and themode of failure. Make a photographic record of the failuremade and other noteworthy events.11.6 Auxiliary TestsTo aid in the interpretation o
43、f theresults, it is generally desirable and in many cases mandatoryto determine the inherent properties of the materials,fastenings, and connectors used in the specimens. Perform allauxiliary tests in accordance with applicable ASTM standards.12. Report12.1 The report shall conform to Practice E575.
44、13. Precision and Bias13.1 No statement is made on the precision or on the bias oftest methods based on this guide, since no standard set ofprocedures is specified.14. Keywords14.1 beams; flexural test; girdersASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted
45、 in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the
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47、areful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Internati
48、onal, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 04 (Reapproved 2018)3
