1、Designation: E 547 00 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forWater Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors,and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the res
3、is-tance of exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doorsto water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor faceand exposed edges simultaneously with a cyclic static airpressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at theindoor face.1.2 This test method is applicable to any cu
4、rtain-wall area orto windows, skylights, or doors alone.1.3 This test method addresses water penetration through amanufactured assembly. Water that penetrates the assembly,but does not result in a failure as defined herein, may haveadverse effects on the performance of contained materials suchas sea
5、lants and insulating or laminated glass. This test methoddoes not address these issues.1.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledgeof the principles of pressure measurement.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are mathema
6、ticalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety
7、 and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see 7.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms relating tobuildin
8、g construction used in this test method, see TerminologyE 631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 specimen, nthe entire assembled unit submitted fortest as described in Section 8.3.2.2 test pressure difference, nthe specified difference instatic air pressure across the closed an
9、d locked or fixedspecimen expressed as pascals (lbf/ft2).3.2.3 water penetration, npenetration of water beyond aplane parallel to the glazing (the vertical plane) intersecting theinnermost projection of the test specimen, not includinginterior trim and hardware, under the specified conditions of air
10、pressure difference across the specimen. For products withnon-planer glazing surfaces (domes, vaults, pyramids, etc.), theplane defining water penetration is the plane defined by theinnermost edges of the unit frame.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimeni
11、nto or against one face of a test chamber, and supplying air toor exhausting air from the chamber at the rate required tomaintain the test pressure difference across the specimen forthe time cycle specified, while spraying water onto the outdoorface of the specimen at the required rate and observing
12、 anywater penetration.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determiningthe resistance to water penetration under cyclic static airpressure differences. The air-pressure differences acting acrossa building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be fullyconsidere
13、d prior to specifying the test pressure difference to beused.NOTE 1In applying the results of tests by this test method, note thatthe performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a functionof proper installation and adjustment. In service, the performance will alsodepend on the rigidity
14、of supporting construction and on the resistance of1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2009.
15、 Published March 2009. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 547 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards
16、Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Sponents to deterioration by various causes, vibration, thermal expan-sion and contraction, etc. It is difficult to simulate the identical complexwetti
17、ng conditions that can be encountered in service, with large wind-blown water drops, increasing water drop impact pressures with increas-ing wind velocity, and lateral or upward moving air and water. Somedesigns are more sensitive than others to this upward moving water.NOTE 2This test method does n
18、ot identify unobservable liquid waterwhich may penetrate into the test specimen.6. Apparatus6.1 The description of apparatus in this section is general innature, and any arrangement of equipment capable of perform-ing the test procedure within the allowable tolerances ispermitted.6.2 Major Component
19、s (Fig. 1):6.2.1 Test Chamber or box with an opening, a removablemounting panel, or one open side in which or against which thespecimen is installed and sealed.At least one static pressure tapshall be provided to measure the chamber pressure, and shallbe so located that the reading is unaffected by
20、the velocity ofthe air supply to or from the chamber. The air supply openinginto the chamber shall be arranged so that the air does notimpinge directly on the test specimen with any significantvelocity. A means of access into the chamber may be providedto facilitate adjustments and observations afte
21、r the specimenhas been installed.6.2.2 Air SystemA controllable blower, compressed airsupply, exhaust system, or reversible blower designed toprovide the required maximum air-pressure difference acrossthe specimen. The system must provide essentially constant airflow at a fixed pressure for the requ
22、ired test period.6.2.3 Pressure-Measuring ApparatusA device to measurethe test pressure difference within a tolerance of 62% or62.5 Pa (60.01 in. of water column), whichever is greater.6.2.4 Water-Spray System:6.2.4.1 The water-spray system shall deliver water uni-formly against the exterior surface
23、 of the test specimen at aminimum rate of 3.4 L/m2 min (5.0 U.S. gal/ft2 h).6.2.4.2 The water-spray system shall have nozzles spacedon a uniform grid, located at a uniform distance from the testspecimen, and shall be adjustable to provide the specifiedquantity of water in such a manner as to wet all
24、 of the testNOTE 1For a negative pressure system, the water-spray grid would be located outside the chamber and the air supply would be replaced by anair-exhaust system.FIG. 1 General Arrangement of the Water Leakage Apparatus Positive Chamber SystemE 547 00 (2009)2specimen uniformly and to wet thos
25、e areas vulnerable to waterpenetration. If additional nozzles are required to provideuniformity of water spray at the edge of the test specimen, theyshall be equally spaced around the entire spray grid.7. Hazards7.1 WarningGlass breakage will not normally occur atthe small pressure differences appli
26、ed in this test. Excessivepressure differences may occur, however, due to error inoperation or when the apparatus is used for other purposes suchas structural testing; therefore, exercise adequate precautions toprotect personnel.8. Test Specimens8.1 Test specimens shall be of sufficient size to dete
27、rminethe performance of all typical parts of the fenestration system.For curtain walls or walls constructed with prefabricated units,the specimen width shall be not less than two typical units plusthe connections and supporting elements at both sides, andsufficient to provide full loading on at leas
28、t one typical verticaljoint or framing member, or both. The height shall be not lessthan the full building-story height or the height of the unit,whichever is greater, and shall include at least one fullhorizontal joint accommodating vertical expansion such jointbeing at or near the bottom of the sp
29、ecimen, and all connec-tions at the top and bottom of the units.8.1.1 All parts of the test specimen shall be full size, usingthe same materials, details, and methods of construction andanchorage as used on the actual building.8.1.2 Conditions of structural support shall be simulated asaccurately as
30、 possible.8.2 Window, skylight, door, or other component test speci-mens shall consist of the entire assembled unit, including frameand anchorage as supplied by the manufacturer for installationin the building.8.2.1 If only one specimen is to be tested, the selection shallbe determined by the specif
31、ying authority.NOTE 3It should be recognized, especially with windows, that per-formance is likely to be a function of size and geometry. Therefore, selectspecimens covering the range of sizes to be used in a building. In general,the largest size of a particular design, type, construction, and confi
32、gurationto be used should be tested.9. Calibration9.1 The ability of the test apparatus to meet the require-ments of 6.2.4 shall be checked by using a catch box, the openface of which shall be located at the position of the face of thetest specimen. The calibration device is illustrated in Fig. 2.Th
33、e catch box shall be designed to receive only waterimpinging on the plane of the test specimen face and to excludeall run-off water from above. The box shall be 610 mm (24 in.)square, divided into four areas each 305 mm (12 in.) square.Use a cover approximately 760 mm (30 in.) square to preventwater
34、 from entering the calibration box before and after thetimed observation interval. The water impinging on each areashall be captured separately. A spray that provides at least1.26 L/min (20 gal/h) total for the four areas and not less than0.25 L/min (4 gal/h) nor more than 0.63 L/min (10 gal/h) inan
35、y one square shall be acceptable.9.1.1 The water-spray system shall be calibrated at bothupper corners and at the quarter point of the horizontal centerline (of the spray system). If a number of identical, contiguous,modular spray systems are used, only one module need becalibrated. The system shall
36、 be calibrated with the catch boxesat a distance within 651 mm (2 in.) of the test specimenlocation from the nozzle. The reference point for location of thespray system from the specimen shall be measured from theexterior glazing surface of the specimen farthest from the spraysystem nozzles. The wat
37、er spray rack shall be installed parallelto the plane of the specimen. Recalibrate at intervals of, notmore than, 6 months.10. Information Required10.1 The test-pressure difference or differences at whichwater penetration is to be determined, unless otherwise speci-fied, shall be 137 Pa (2.86 lbf/ft
38、2).10.2 Unless otherwise specified, failure criteria of this testmethod shall be defined as water penetration in accordancewith 3.2.3. Failure also occurs whenever water penetratesFIG. 2 Catch Box for Calibrating Water-Spray SystemE 547 00 (2009)3through the perimeter frame of the test specimen. Wat
39、ercontained within drained flashing, gutters, and sills is notconsidered failure.10.3 The periods of time during which the specimen is to besubjected to pressure difference(s) shall be specified.10.3.1 In no case shall there be less than two test cycles, andno cycle shall be less than 5 min in durat
40、ion.10.3.2 In no case shall the total time of pressure applicationbe less than 15 min.10.4 If this test method is to be used at other than ambienttemperatures, such temperature conditions shall be specified.11. Procedure11.1 Remove any sealing material or construction that is notnormally a part of t
41、he assembly as installed in or on a building.Fit the specimen into or against the chamber opening with theoutdoor side of the specimen facing both the high pressure sideof the chamber and the water spray, and in such a manner thatno joints or openings are obstructed. Skylight specimens shallbe teste
42、d at the minimum angle from the horizontal for whichthey are designed to be installed. Seal the outer perimeter of thespecimen to the chamber wall and seal at no other points.NOTE 4Nonhardening mastic compounds or pressure-sensitive tapecan be used effectively to seal the test specimen to the chambe
43、r opening,to seal the access door to the chamber, and to achieve airtightness in theconstruction of the chamber. These materials can be used to seal a separatemounting panel to the chamber. Rubber gaskets with clamping devicesmay also be used for this purpose provided that the gasket is highlyflexib
44、le and has a thin contact edge.11.2 Without disturbing the seal between the specimen andthe test chamber, adjust all operable units included in the testspecimen so that their operation conforms to the specificationrequirements. Adjust all hardware for maximum tightnesswithout interfering with their
45、operation.11.3 Submit each operable unit to five cycles of opening,closing, and locking prior to testing.11.4 Adjust the water spray to the specified rate.11.5 Apply the air pressure difference within 15 s andmaintain this pressure, along with the specified rate of waterspray, for the period of time
46、 stipulated by the specification orspecifier.11.6 While maintaining the water spray, reduce the airpressure difference to zero for a period of not less than 1 min.11.7 Repeat procedure in 11.5 and 11.6 for the specifiednumber of cycles.11.8 At the conclusion of the required number of cycles (see10.3
47、.1) remove the air-pressure difference and stop the waterspray.11.9 Observe and record the points of water penetration, ifany.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Dates of test and of report.12.1.2 Identification of the specimen (manufacturer, sourceof supply, dimensions, model, ty
48、pe, materials, and otherpertinent information).12.1.3 Detailed drawings of the specimen that provide adescription of the physical characteristics, including dimen-sioned section profiles, sash or door dimensions and arrange-ment, framing location, panel arrangement, installation andspacing of anchor
49、age, weatherstripping, locking arrangement,hardware, sealants, glazing details, angle from the horizontalfor skylights, and any other pertinent construction details. Anymodifications made on the specimen to obtain the reportedvalues shall be noted on the drawings.12.1.4 For window, skylight, and door components, a de-scription of the locking and operating mechanism.12.1.5 Identification of glass thickness and type and methodof glazing.12.1.6 Type or types of weatherstrip.12.1.7 A statement or tabulation of pressure difference ordifferences exerted across the
