1、Designation: E547 00 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forWater Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors,and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the ye
2、ar oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis
3、-tance of exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doorsto water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor faceand exposed edges simultaneously with a cyclic static airpressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at theindoor face.1.2 This test method is applicable to any curt
4、ain-wall area orto windows, skylights, or doors alone.1.3 This test method addresses water penetration through amanufactured assembly. Water that penetrates the assembly,but does not result in a failure as defined herein, may haveadverse effects on the performance of contained materials suchas seala
5、nts and insulating or laminated glass. This test methoddoes not address these issues.1.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledgeof the principles of pressure measurement.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are mathemati
6、calconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety a
7、nd health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see 7.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of general terms relating tobuilding c
8、onstruction used in this test method, see TerminologyE631.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 specimen, nthe entire assembled unit submitted fortest as described in Section 8.3.2.2 test pressure difference, nthe specified difference instatic air pressure across the closed and lo
9、cked or fixedspecimen expressed as Pascals (lbf/ft2).3.2.3 water penetration, npenetration of water beyond aplane parallel to the glazing (the vertical plane) intersecting theinnermost projection of the test specimen, not includinginterior trim and hardware, under the specified conditions of airpres
10、sure difference across the specimen. For products withnon-planer glazing surfaces (domes, vaults, pyramids, etc.), theplane defining water penetration is the plane defined by theinnermost edges of the unit frame.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimeninto
11、or against one face of a test chamber, and supplying air toor exhausting air from the chamber at the rate required tomaintain the test pressure difference across the specimen forthe time cycle specified, while spraying water onto the outdoorface of the specimen at the required rate and observing any
12、water penetration.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determiningthe resistance to water penetration under cyclic static airpressure differences. The air-pressure differences acting acrossa building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be fullyconsidered pr
13、ior to specifying the test pressure difference to beused.NOTE 1In applying the results of tests by this test method, note thatthe performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a functionof proper installation and adjustment. In service, the performance will alsodepend on the rigidity of s
14、upporting construction and on the resistance ofcomponents to deterioration by various causes, vibration, thermal expan-sion and contraction, etc. It is difficult to simulate the identical complex1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the d
15、irect responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E547 00(2009). DOI:10.1520/E0547-00R16.2For referenced ASTM sta
16、ndards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
17、PA 19428-2959. United States1wetting conditions that can be encountered in service, with large wind-blown water drops, increasing water drop impact pressures with increas-ing wind velocity, and lateral or upward moving air and water. Somedesigns are more sensitive than others to this upward moving w
18、ater.NOTE 2This test method does not identify unobservable liquid waterwhich may penetrate into the test specimen.6. Apparatus6.1 The description of apparatus in this section is general innature, and any arrangement of equipment capable of perform-ing the test procedure within the allowable toleranc
19、es ispermitted.6.2 Major Components (Fig. 1):6.2.1 Test Chamber or box with an opening, a removablemounting panel, or one open side in which or against which thespecimen is installed and sealed.At least one static pressure tapshall be provided to measure the chamber pressure, and shallbe so located
20、that the reading is unaffected by the velocity ofthe air supply to or from the chamber. The air supply openinginto the chamber shall be arranged so that the air does notimpinge directly on the test specimen with any significantvelocity. A means of access into the chamber may be providedto facilitate
21、 adjustments and observations after the specimenhas been installed.6.2.2 Air SystemA controllable blower, compressed airsupply, exhaust system, or reversible blower designed toprovide the required maximum air-pressure difference acrossthe specimen. The system must provide essentially constant airflo
22、w at a fixed pressure for the required test period.6.2.3 Pressure-Measuring ApparatusA device to measurethe test pressure difference within a tolerance of 62% or62.5 Pa (60.01 in. of water column), whichever is greater.6.2.4 Water-Spray System:6.2.4.1 The water-spray system shall deliver water uni-f
23、ormly against the exterior surface of the test specimen at aminimum rate of 3.4 L m2 min (5.0 U.S. gal ft2 h).6.2.4.2 The water-spray system shall have nozzles spacedon a uniform grid, located at a uniform distance from the testspecimen, and shall be adjustable to provide the specifiedquantity of wa
24、ter in such a manner as to wet all of the testspecimen uniformly and to wet those areas vulnerable to waterNOTE 1For a negative pressure system, the water-spray grid would be located outside the chamber and the air supply would be replaced by anair-exhaust system.FIG. 1 General Arrangement of the Wa
25、ter Leakage Apparatus Positive Chamber SystemE547 00 (2016)2penetration. If additional nozzles are required to provideuniformity of water spray at the edge of the test specimen, theyshall be equally spaced around the entire spray grid.7. Hazards7.1 WarningGlass breakage will not normally occur atthe
26、 small pressure differences applied in this test. Excessivepressure differences may occur, however, due to error inoperation or when the apparatus is used for other purposes suchas structural testing; therefore, exercise adequate precautions toprotect personnel.8. Test Specimens8.1 Test specimens sh
27、all be of sufficient size to determinethe performance of all typical parts of the fenestration system.For curtain walls or walls constructed with prefabricated units,the specimen width shall be not less than two typical units plusthe connections and supporting elements at both sides, andsufficient t
28、o provide full loading on at least one typical verticaljoint or framing member, or both. The height shall be not lessthan the full building-story height or the height of the unit,whichever is greater, and shall include at least one fullhorizontal joint accommodating vertical expansion such jointbein
29、g at or near the bottom of the specimen, and all connec-tions at the top and bottom of the units.8.1.1 All parts of the test specimen shall be full size, usingthe same materials, details, and methods of construction andanchorage as used on the actual building.8.1.2 Conditions of structural support s
30、hall be simulated asaccurately as possible.8.2 Window, skylight, door, or other component test speci-mens shall consist of the entire assembled unit, including frameand anchorage as supplied by the manufacturer for installationin the building.8.2.1 If only one specimen is to be tested, the selection
31、 shallbe determined by the specifying authority.NOTE 3It should be recognized, especially with windows, thatperformance is likely to be a function of size and geometry. Therefore,select specimens covering the range of sizes to be used in a building. Ingeneral, the largest size of a particular design
32、, type, construction, andconfiguration to be used should be tested.9. Calibration9.1 The ability of the test apparatus to meet the require-ments of 6.2.4 shall be checked by using a catch box, the openface of which shall be located at the position of the face of thetest specimen. The calibration dev
33、ice is illustrated in Fig. 2.The catch box shall be designed to receive only waterimpinging on the plane of the test specimen face and to excludeall run-off water from above. The box shall be 610 mm (24 in.)square, divided into four areas each 305 mm (12 in.) square.Use a cover approximately 760 mm
34、(30 in.) square to preventwater from entering the calibration box before and after thetimed observation interval. The water impinging on each areashall be captured separately. A spray that provides at least1.26 L min (20 gal h) total for the four areas and not less than0.25 L min (4 gal h) nor more
35、than 0.63 L min (10 gal h) inany one square shall be acceptable.9.1.1 The water-spray system shall be calibrated at bothupper corners and at the quarter point of the horizontal centerline (of the spray system). If a number of identical, contiguous,modular spray systems are used, only one module need
36、 becalibrated. The system shall be calibrated with the catch boxesat a distance within 651 mm (2 in.) of the test specimenlocation from the nozzle. The reference point for location of thespray system from the specimen shall be measured from theexterior glazing surface of the specimen farthest from t
37、he spraysystem nozzles. The water spray rack shall be installed parallelto the plane of the specimen. Recalibrate at intervals of, notmore than, 6 months.10. Information Required10.1 The test-pressure difference or differences at whichwater penetration is to be determined, unless otherwisespecified,
38、 shall be 137 Pa (2.86 lbf ft2).10.2 Unless otherwise specified, failure criteria of this testmethod shall be defined as water penetration in accordanceFIG. 2 Catch Box for Calibrating Water-Spray SystemE547 00 (2016)3with 3.2.3. Failure also occurs whenever water penetratesthrough the perimeter fra
39、me of the test specimen. Watercontained within drained flashing, gutters, and sills is notconsidered failure.10.3 The periods of time during which the specimen is to besubjected to pressure difference(s) shall be specified.10.3.1 In no case shall there be less than two test cycles, andno cycle shall
40、 be less than 5 min in duration.10.3.2 In no case shall the total time of pressure applicationbe less than 15 min.10.4 If this test method is to be used at other than ambienttemperatures, such temperature conditions shall be specified.11. Procedure11.1 Remove any sealing material or construction tha
41、t is notnormally a part of the assembly as installed in or on a building.Fit the specimen into or against the chamber opening with theoutdoor side of the specimen facing both the high pressure sideof the chamber and the water spray, and in such a manner thatno joints or openings are obstructed. Skyl
42、ight specimens shallbe tested at the minimum angle from the horizontal for whichthey are designed to be installed. Seal the outer perimeter of thespecimen to the chamber wall and seal at no other points.NOTE 4Nonhardening mastic compounds or pressure-sensitive tapecan be used effectively to seal the
43、 test specimen to the chamber opening,to seal the access door to the chamber, and to achieve airtightness in theconstruction of the chamber. These materials can be used to seal a separatemounting panel to the chamber. Rubber gaskets with clamping devicesmay also be used for this purpose provided tha
44、t the gasket is highlyflexible and has a thin contact edge.11.2 Without disturbing the seal between the specimen andthe test chamber, adjust all operable units included in the testspecimen so that their operation conforms to the specificationrequirements. Adjust all hardware for maximum tightnesswit
45、hout interfering with their operation.11.3 Submit each operable unit to five cycles of opening,closing, and locking prior to testing.11.4 Adjust the water spray to the specified rate.11.5 Apply the air pressure difference within 15 s andmaintain this pressure, along with the specified rate of waters
46、pray, for the period of time stipulated by the specification orspecifier.11.6 While maintaining the water spray, reduce the airpressure difference to zero for a period of not less than 1 min.11.7 Repeat procedure in 11.5 and 11.6 for the specifiednumber of cycles.11.8 At the conclusion of the requir
47、ed number of cycles (see10.3.1) remove the air-pressure difference and stop the waterspray.11.9 Observe and record the points of water penetration, ifany.12. Report12.1 Report the following information:12.1.1 Dates of test and of report.12.1.2 Identification of the specimen (manufacturer, sourceof s
48、upply, dimensions, model, type, materials, and otherpertinent information).12.1.3 Detailed drawings of the specimen that provide adescription of the physical characteristics, including dimen-sioned section profiles, sash or door dimensions andarrangement, framing location, panel arrangement, install
49、ationand spacing of anchorage, weatherstripping, lockingarrangement, hardware, sealants, glazing details, angle fromthe horizontal for skylights, and any other pertinent construc-tion details. Any modifications made on the specimen to obtainthe reported values shall be noted on the drawings.12.1.4 For window, skylight, and door components, a de-scription of the locking and operating mechanism.12.1.5 Identification of glass thickness and type and methodof glazing.12.1.6 Type or types of weatherstrip.12.1.7 A statement or tabulation of pressure difference ordi
