1、Designation: E 549 87 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Guide forPreparing Field Sprayer Calibration Procedures1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 549; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is for those who prepare field sprayercalibration procedures. The purpose is to encourage methodsthat will improve
3、uniformity, accuracy, and safety of pesticideapplication with field sprayers.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.3 Th
4、is standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards
5、tatements see Section 4.2. Significance and Use2.1 This guide provides information on the calibration ofboom-type field sprayers used for broadcast, band, or rowapplications. It is easily adapted to boomless and air-carriertype sprayers for broadcast applications and to rotary atomizerssuch as spinn
6、ing disks. A single calibration procedure that isapplicable in all situations is not feasible because of the natureof the variables involved in pesticide application. Electroniccontrollers and other aids should be calibrated by one of thesemethods.3. Apparatus3.1 Apparatus needed will depend on the
7、method of cali-bration. Common items include the following:3.1.1 Measuring DeviceTape of at least 25 m (50 ft) inlength, or other suitable measuring devices.3.1.2 Marking DevicesStakes or flags for marking ameasured course.3.1.3 Container, large enough to collect nozzle output for30 s, and graduated
8、 to allow accuracy within 1 %.3.1.4 Pressure Gage, accurate and of the proper range.3.1.5 Timing DeviceA watch with a sweep second hand,or a stop watch.4. Hazards4.1 A cautionary statement for the safe handling, storage,and disposal of agricultural chemicals shall be included withapplicator calibrat
9、ion procedures.4.2 Use water alone to calibrate the sprayer unless the flowrate of the actual spray mixture varies more than 5 % from theflow rate of water. (See 5.1.1.2.)4.3 Calibration with Actual Spray Mixture:4.3.1 Wear suitable approved safety equipment and protec-tive clothing. Avoid contact w
10、ith the spray.4.3.2 Avoid contamination of the area. Collect all nozzleoutput. Calibrate only when the wind speed is below 8 km/h (5mph).5. Recommendations5.1 The volume of spray material applied to a given areadepends on three variables. Each variable must be determinedwhen developing a specific ca
11、libration procedure.5.1.1 Nozzle Flow RateThe nozzle flow rate varies withthe following:5.1.1.1 Nozzle CapacitySelect the orifice size that willbest fit the requirements of application, volume, pressure, andground speed.5.1.1.2 Nature of FluidIf the spray mixture will be alteredconsiderably by the a
12、ddition of adjuvants, compare the flowrate of the mixture to that of water. If the rate difference is 5 %or more, use the actual spray mixture in the calibration.5.1.1.3 Fluid PressureA constant pressure should bemaintained to achieve uniform application. Flow rate is gen-erally proportional to the
13、square root of the pressure dropacross the nozzle.5.1.2 Ground Speed of SprayerThis does not apply toground-driven pumps. This parameter has an inverse relation-ship to the spray volume. It is the easiest factor to change forminor corrections in the application rate. Ground speed shouldbe maintained
14、 uniformly for uniform application, even whenground-driven pumps or electronic controllers are used.5.1.3 Sprayed Width per NozzleCalibration proceduresshould be used to determine the amount (in litres or gallons) ofliquid applied per unit area (hectare or acre) actually treated1This guide is under
15、the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on Pesticides andAlternative Control Agents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E35.22on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved in 1975. Last previous edition a
16、pproved in 2002 as E 549 87 (2002).1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.with the agricultural chemical. For band application, the areatreated is the area in the band and not the area of croplandcovered. Some pesticide reco
17、mmendations are based on thearea of cropland covered rather than the area actually sprayed.In these cases, the spray width used in the calibration should bebased on the row spacing and not on the band width. See Notein 7.1.6. Calibration6.1 Perform the following basic steps for the calibration offie
18、ld sprayers:6.1.1 Nozzle Tip Selection:6.1.1.1 Considering the label recommendations and fieldcondition, select a spray application rate pressure and anoperating speed.6.1.1.2 From the spray width, speed, and spray applicationrate, determine the nozzle output required in 7.1.2.6.1.1.3 Select a nozzl
19、e tip that will give the required outputwhen operating within the recommended pressure range.6.1.2 Pre-Calibration CheckBe sure that all sprayer partsare free of foreign material and are functioning properly.Inspect the nozzle tips and internal parts for obvious wear,defects, proper size, and type.
20、Check the flow rate of eachnozzle using water at the planned operating pressure foruniform output, equal fan angle, and uniform appearance ofspray pattern. Replace any nozzle tips having a flow 5 % moreor less than the average of the other nozzles checked, or thosehaving obviously different fan angl
21、es or patterns, or both.Recheck any nozzles that have been changed.6.1.3 AdjustmentsThe following adjustments can be madeto obtain desired spray application rate:6.1.3.1 Change the normal operating speed to adjust outputif the change is under 25 %.6.1.3.2 Change the operating pressure to adjust only
22、 withinthe recommended pressure range. A greater range may affectthe drop size or pattern excessively.6.1.3.3 Change the nozzle tips to obtain volume changesgreater than 25 %.6.1.4 Course LengthLay out a measured course with anaccuracy of 0.5 % in the field where spraying will take place orin simila
23、r soil and terrain conditions. The course lengthdepends on the travel speed or the spray width and sprayvolume. The course should be long enough so that an accuratemeasure of time (at least 15 s) or of spray volume (at least10 % of the tank volume), whichever method is used, can bemade.6.1.5 Calibra
24、tion Methods:6.1.5.1 Procedure AThe liquid sprayed from one or morenozzles is accurately determined while operating (a) over themeasured course; (b) over the period of time equivalent to thetravel time over the course; or (c) for a given time such as 1min. Select representative nozzles and maintain
25、the desiredoperating pressure. Determine the spray application rate inaccordance with 7.1.2 if technique (a)or(b) is used. Determinethe spray application rate in accordance with 7.1.1, if technique(c) is employed.6.1.5.2 Procedure BThe amount required to refill the tankis measured after operation as
26、 in technique (a)or(b)ofProcedureA, or (c) for a suitable given time such as 5 min. Usean accurate liquid level mark, or fill the tank to overflowingbefore a calibration run; and then measure the amount requiredto refill to overflowing after the run. The boom and lines shouldbe full before and after
27、 operation. For accurate measurement,the sprayer must be in exactly the same position (preferablylevel) before and after operation. Determine the spray applica-tion rate using the equation in 7.2.6.1.6 RecalibrationRecalibration is required periodicallybecause of nozzle wear, and to compensate for a
28、ny changes inthe variables listed in Section 5.7. Calculation7.1 Calculate spray application rate and nozzle output fromthe following equations:V 5K 3 QS 3 Wor (1)Q 5V 3 W 3 SK(2)where:V = spray application rate in litres per hectare (or gallonsper acre),K = constant 60 000 (SI equivalent) or 5940 (
29、U.S. cus-tomary units),Q = output per nozzle, in litres/min (or gal/min),S = speed, km/h (or mph), andW = spray width, cm (or in.).NOTE 1The spray width, W, includes the following:(a) Nozzle spacing for boom spraying,(b) Spray swath width for boomless spraying,(c) Band width for band spraying, and(d
30、) For some row crop plant applications, the spray widthper nozzle is equal to the row spacing (or band width) dividedby the number of nozzles per row (or band).7.2 The spray application rate may also be calculated asfollows:spray volume 5quantity usedarea treated(3)where:spray application rate is ex
31、pressed in volume per unit area,quantity used is the volume of liquid in litres (or gallons)used by the nozzle or boom on a measured course or in theequivalent time, andarea treated is the area actually treated in hectares (or acres)or the area that would be treated in the time used to measure thequ
32、antity sprayed.7.3 There are several good methods for calculating sprayvolume and nozzle output other than those mentioned in 7.1.Nomographs, charts, and special slide rules are examples.Calculations are aided by selecting a measured course length sothat an even decimal or fractional part of a hecta
33、re (or acre) iscovered.8. Keywords8.1 agricultural; calibration; equipment; nozzle; pesticide;sprayerE 549 87 (2008)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly
34、advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, eit
35、her reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend
36、. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 549 87 (2008)3
