1、Designation: E 564 06Standard Practice forStatic Load Test for Shear Resistance of Framed Walls forBuildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 564; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes methods for evaluating the shearcapacity of a typical section of a framed wall, supported on ari
3、gid foundation and having load applied in the plane of thewall along the edge opposite the rigid support and in a directionparallel to it. The objective is to provide a determination of theshear stiffness and strength of any structural light-frame wallconfiguration to be used as a shear-wall on a ri
4、gid support.1.2 LimitationsThis practice is not intended to be used asa basis for classifying sheathing shear capacity or as anevaluation of combined flexure and shear resulting from thewall being loaded on a flexible foundation.1.2.1 The effect of sheathing variations is assessed byholding all othe
5、r variables constant. Permitted variations inframing configuration and boundary conditions, however, re-quire accurate documentation of the test setup to validateacross-study comparisons of sheathing contribution to wallshear capacity.NOTE 1A wall tested on a flexible foundation is evaluated bycompa
6、ring shear stiffness and strength results to those of an identical walltested on a rigid foundation, following this practice. However, no methodsare given for the measurement of wall bending displacements or assess-ment of stress distribution resulting from foundation flexure.Any extrapo-lation of w
7、all racking behavior from the foundation conditions specifiedby this practice to flexible conditions shall be done with the support of acomparative test on a representative foundation.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is ther
8、esponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE 575 Practice for Reporting Data
9、 from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-sembliesE 631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, seeTerminology E 6313.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Defini-tions:3.2.1 rackingwhen a
10、pplied to shear walls, refers to thetendency for a wall frame to distort from rectangular torhomboid under the action of an in-plane force applied parallelto the wall length.3.2.2 shear wallstructural subassembly that acts as acantilever/diaphragm to transfer horizontal building loads tothe foundati
11、on in the form of horizontal shear and an overturn-ing moment.3.2.3 upliftthe vertical displacement measured at theloaded end stud with respect to the test apparatus.3.3 Symbols:3.3.1 aheight of cantilevered shear wall, in metres (feet).3.3.2 blength of cantilevered shear wall, in metres (feet).3.3.
12、3 Cinitial length of the diagonal =a21 b2,inme-tres (feet).3.3.4 ddiagonal elongation, in millimetres (inches).1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.11 onHorizontal and Vertical Structures/Stru
13、ctural Performance of Completed Structures.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 564 00e1.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at service
14、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3.5 Dtotal horizontal displacement of the top of the wal
15、lmeasured with respect to the test apparatus, in millimetres(inches). This value includes effects due to panel rotation,translation, and shear.3.3.6 G8global shear stiffness of the assembly, includesrotation and translational displacements as well as diaphragmshear displacement.3.3.7 G8intinternal s
16、hear stiffness of the assembly, in-cludes only the shear displacement of the wall in calculation.3.3.8 Pconcentrated load applied at the top edge of thewall at the selected reference displacement, in newtons (pound-force).3.3.9 Puhighest load level held long enough to recordgage measurements, in new
17、tons (pound-force).3.3.10 Suultimate shear strength of the assembly, in new-tons per metre (pounds per foot).4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is used to determine static load capacityand deflection of framed wall sections. This practice is used toestablish a load deflection curve. It is used
18、 to evaluate variousframed systems representative of those intended for use inactual building constructions.5. Summary of Practice5.1 The shear strength and stiffness of a wall assembly andits connections are determined by forcing a racking deforma-tion. This is accomplished by anchoring the bottom
19、edge of thewall assembly and applying a force to the top edge orientedperpendicular to the wall height dimension and parallel to thewall length dimension. Wall distortion is restricted to the planeof the unstressed wall. The forces required to rack the wall andthe corresponding displacements at each
20、 load interval aremeasured.6. Wall Test Assembly6.1 GeneralA wall assembly consists of frame elementsincluding any diagonal bracing members or other reinforce-ments, sheathing elements, and connections. The wall assem-bly tested in accordance with this practice shall represent theminimum acceptable
21、stiffness using the targeted frame andsheathing materials.6.2 ConnectionsThe performance of the wall test assem-bly is influenced by the type and spacing of framing connec-tions, sheathing-to-frame connections and the wall assemblyanchorage connection to the test fixture, floor, or foundation.6.2.1
22、All connections used in the test shall be representativeof those used in the actual building construction.6.2.2 Connector size and location on the frame shall corre-spond to specifications.6.3 Frame RequirementsThe frame is an integral part ofthe wall test assembly. The test wall shall consist of th
23、e samenumber, size, and grade of framing members as are intended tobe used in service.6.4 Test SetupProvisions shall be made to resist rigid-body rotation in the plane of the wall where this reflects the useof the assembly in actual building constructions. This shall bedone by application of relevan
24、t gravity or other loadingssimultaneously with the racking loads. The bottom of theassembly shall be attached to the test base with anchorageconnections simulating those that will be used in service. Loaddistribution along the top edge of the wall shall simulate flooror roof members that will be use
25、d in the actual buildingconstruction. When required to minimize distortion, reinforce-ment, such as a strong-back attached along the length of the topplate or a steel bearing plate attached to the end of the top plateshall be installed. The wall test assembly shall be laterallysupported along its to
26、p with rollers or equivalent means so asto restrict assembly displacement outside the plane of loading.Lateral support rigidity shall not exceed that provided in theactual building construction.6.5 Wall SizeTest wall size will vary with the studyobjectives. Tests conducted to assess the structural p
27、erfor-mance of actual building construction shall have dimensionscommensurate with those of the shear walls being simulated.6.6 Curing and ConditioningFor framed wall construc-tions containing elements whose structural performance is afunction of age, curing conditions, moisture content, or tem-pera
28、ture, the wall test assembly shall be conditioned prior tothe test in accordance with the appropriate voluntary consensusstandards, manufacturer specifications, or industry curing prac-tices for the various products used, or as needed to meet theintent of the test. Care shall be taken to ensure that
29、 curing andconditioning are representative of that expected in the actualbuilding construction and that all elements of the wall testassembly at the time of the test are approximately at theequilibrium conditions expected in service.6.7 Environmental EffectWhen required to evaluate wallassembly perf
30、ormance for simulated environmental conditions,preconditioned specimens shall be tested in an environmentalchamber.7. Procedure7.1 Number of TestsTest a minimum of two wall assem-blies to determine the shear capacity of a given construction.For unsymmetrical shear walls, run the second test with the
31、specimen orientation reversed with respect to the direction ofthe load application used in the first test. If the strength or shearstiffness of the second test is not within 15 % of the results ofthe first test, test a third wall assembly with the wall orientedin the same manner as the weaker of the
32、 two test values. Thestrength and stiffness values reported shall be the average ofthe two weakest specimen values if three or more tests areperformed.7.2 Loading Procedure:7.2.1 GeneralRacking loads shall be applied parallel toand at the top of the wall, in the central plane of the frame,using a hy
33、draulic jack or similar loading device capable ofmaintaining a constant displacement rate for continuous load tofailure or holding a static load in the case of incrementalloading. Loads shall be applied at a constant rate of displace-ment to reach the target limit (that is, limiting displacement ofu
34、ltimate load) in no less than 5 min.7.2.2 Gravity loads, when required, shall be applied alongthe top of the wall in a manner consistent with floor or roofframe loading.E5640627.2.3 Static Load TestMaintain the duration of load ap-plication at each increment at least 1 min before load anddeflection
35、readings are recorded. Apply preload of approxi-mately 10 % of estimated ultimate load and hold for 5 min toseat all connections. Remove the load, wait 5 min, and read allgages as the initial readings. At load levels approximately onethird and two thirds of the estimated ultimate load, remove theloa
36、d and record the recovery of the wall after 5 min. Reload tothe next higher load level above the backoff load. Continueloading and unloading in this manner until ultimate load isreached.7.3 Data AcquisitionThe objectives of a study determinethe data required from this test. These generally includequ
37、antification of the shear strength and stiffness of the walldiaphragm. Shear strength is denoted as the maximum load perunit length of the wall. Shear stiffness requires measurement ofthe racking load and corresponding shear displacement. Shearstrain is determined as the angular displacement (D/a, s
38、ee Fig.1).7.3.1 Racking load shall be monitored using either the linepressure to a calibrated loading ram or a load cell mounted inseries with the loading device. When load measurement isaccomplished by monitoring hydraulic line pressure, the loadversus pressure calibration shall have been developed
39、 at thesame, or greater, hydraulic flow rate as occurs in the test toreduce chances of overestimating load due to drag effects. Theloading measurement shall be accurate to 61% of the maxi-mum measured load. The load measuring instrumentation shallbe calibrated in accordance with Practices E4.7.3.2 D
40、isplacement MeasurementsShear displacementmeasurement of a wall frame shall be accurate to 0.25 mm(0.01 in.). Two approaches to estimating the shear stiffness areprovided in this practice: direct measurement and that esti-mated by measuring the diagonal elongation of the frame.7.3.3 Direct Measureme
41、ntFour (numbered in Fig. 2) dis-placement measurements are used to evaluate shear deforma-tion by the direct measurement. The measurement is compli-cated by the fact that the assembly tends to rotate and translateas a rigid body, as the frame is deformed from a rectangle to askewed parallelogram. In
42、 addition, the individual elements ofthe shear diaphragm rotate with respect to the frame as theshear load is applied.7.3.3.1 Slip at the BaseFor this reading, the displacementis measured at the centroid of the bottom plate with respect tothe test machine in a direction parallel to the length of the
43、 wall.7.3.3.2 Uplift of the Stud at the Loaded EndThe distancewhich the bottom of the stud at the loaded end of the wall islifted off the base of the test machine indicates the degree ofrigid body rotation. This displacement divided by the horizon-tal distance along the base from the vertical-displa
44、cement-measurement reference point to the opposite end of the bottomplate is the tangent of the angle of rotation of the wall. As theend stud is rotating as well as being lifted, the uplift readingshall be taken as close as possible to the centerline of the stud.7.3.3.3 Top Plate Horizontal Displace
45、ment This measure-ment, taken at the centroid of the top plate, gives totalhorizontal displacement at Point 3, as shown in Fig. 2, due toNOTE 1Horizontal shear displacement calculated on the basis of thediagonal elongation simplifies the test by eliminating the need to measurerigid body rotation and
46、 horizontal translation of the wall.C 1d!25 b 1D!21 a22D2!substituting:a21 b25 c2gives:2 c d1d22 2 b D50and:D52 c d1d2!2 bFIG. 1 Horizontal MeasurementNOTE 1The horizontal load is measured using a load cell in serieswith the loading ram. Wall shear displacement is determined using eitherfour gages t
47、o separate shear from uplift, rotation, and horizontal slip of thewall or by measuring diagonal elongation to measure wall rackingdeformation directly. To restrain rigid-body rotation, apply boundaryconditions to simulate those that control wall performance in service.FIG. 2 Test Wall ConfigurationE
48、564063a combination of rigid body rotation, horizontal translation ofthe entire wall, and shear deformation. Subtracting the dis-placement at Point 1 from the measured horizontal displace-ment of Point 3 and dividing by the stud length plus one platethickness approximates the angle of rotation of th
49、e end stud.7.3.3.4 Vertical Displacement at the Toe of the Wall WithReference to the BaseSubtracting this value from displace-ment Number 2 and dividing by the distance between thereference points of the two displacements gives anothermethod for estimating the walls rigid body displacement.(1) The diagonal elongation approach to estimating sheardeformation requires only one measurement as labeled in Fig.2 and the calculation shown in Fig. 1.(2) Record the load-deformation curve either continuouslyor incrementally. Instead of the availability of
