1、Designation: E 592 99 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Guide toObtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity forRadiography of Steel Plates14 to 2 in. 6 to 51 mm Thickwith X Rays and 1 to 6 in. 25 to 152 mm Thick withCobalt-601This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 592; the number imme
2、diately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Thi
3、s guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensi-tivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for whichthe image of the 1T and 2T holes is visible for a few practicalradiographic conditions. The values represent near optimumsensitivity for flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions thatgive
4、 higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen orbackscattered radiation at the image plane will give poorersensitivity.1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainablewith practical radiographic systems are included as adjuncts tothis guide and may be obtained from ASTM.1.3 The v
5、alues stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in brackets are for informa-tion only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro
6、-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 746 Test Method for Determining Relative Image QualityResponse of Industrial Radiographic FilmE 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial
7、 Ra-diographic Film ProcessingE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for RadiologyE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 7004 PhotographyIndustrial Radiographic FilmsDetermination
8、of ISO Speed, ISO Average Gradient, andISO Gradients G2 adn G4 When Exposed to X- andGamma-Radiation32.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-271 Nondestructive Testing Requirements forMetals42.4 ASTM Adjuncts:Guide for Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity Between XRays and Cobalt-6053. Terminology3.1 Definitio
9、ns: For definitions of terms used in thisstandard, refer to Terminology E 1316, Section D.4. Significance and Use4.1 A key consideration with any radiographic system is itscapability to resolve detail (that is, sensitivity). The degree ofobtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent uponse
10、veral radiographic parameters such as source energy level,film type, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure(density), etc. This guide permits the user to estimate thedegree of sensitivity that may be obtained with X rays andcobalt-60 gamma rays when using a prescribed set of radio-grap
11、hic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunc-tion with Test Method E 746 to provide a basis for developingdata for evaluation of a users specific system. This data mayassist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtain-ing desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An1T
12、his guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 on ReferenceRadiographs.Current edition approved July 1, 2004. Published July 2004. Originally approvedin 1977. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 592
13、 - 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (
14、ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.5Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0592.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
15、est Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.alternate to this approach is the use of those adjunct radio-graphic illustrations detailed in Section 6.5. Procedure5.1 Sensitivity for14 to 2-in. 6 to 51-mm Thick Steel UsingX Rays:5.1.1 The values of sensitivity were determined from astatistical stud
16、y of visibility of images of penetrameter holes.Near 100 % certainty of seeing the image of a hole on anyradiograph was taken as the criterion for determining sensitiv-ity. Most radiographs will show slightly better sensitivity thanindicated in Figs. 1-3 because of the statistical nature ofrecording
17、 information from a beam of X rays but occasionally,one will not show quite as good sensitivity.5.1.2 Fig. 1 illustrates obtainable equivalent penetrametersensitivity (see Appendix X1 of Practice E 1025) for fourX-ray films. The films are identified by reciprocal roentgenspeed when exposed in accord
18、ance with ISO 7004 in a 200-kVrange, and processed in accordance with the manufacturersrecommendations (see Guide E 999).Film No. Speed1172 4.03 1.24 0.355.1.3 The radiographic exposure conditions were: 36-in.914-mm focus-film distance, 5-mil 0.13-mm front and10-mil 0.25-mm back lead screens, 20 mAm
19、in exposure, andkilovoltage adjusted to give a density of near 2.0.5.1.4 Most high-quality industrial X-ray films intended fordirect or lead screen exposure, that are exposed and developedaccordingly to give these speed values, will provide similarillustrations of sensitivity. Interpolation will giv
20、e illustrationsof sensitivity for speeds obtained with other film systems.5.1.5 In Fig. 2 the data are presented to show the thinnestpenetrameter for which the image of the 2T hole will be visible.The intersection of the line for a particular steel thickness andthe line for a given film projected on
21、to the abscissa gives thebest obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity. The inter-section projected to the left ordinate gives the minimumpenetrameter marking (thickness in mils) in accordance withPractice E 1025 for which the image of the 2T hole will beNOTE 1See 5.1.3 for exposure conditions
22、.FIG. 1 Obtainable Penetrameter Sensitivity for14 to 2-in. 6 to 51-mm Thick Steel When Radiographing with X Rays.NOTE 1See 5.1.3 for exposure conditions.FIG. 2 Penetrameter Sensitivity and Minimum PenetrameterMarkings for Showing the 2T Hole When Radiographing14 to2-in. 6 to 51-mm Thick Steel with X
23、 Rays.E 592 99 (2004)2visible. The right ordinate gives the minimum marking inaccordance with MIL-STD-271 for which the image of the 2Thole will be visible.5.1.6 Fig. 3 gives the ASTM and military markings forwhich the image of the 1T hole will be visible.5.1.7 To take an example, on Fig. 2 the inte
24、rsection of thecurve for 1-in. 25-mm thick steel and for Film No. 2 showsthat the penetrameter sensitivity is 1.45 %. The minimumASTM penetrameter thickness that will show the 2T holeimage is 15. The corresponding military marking is 0.75 (seedashed lines). On Fig. 3 the sensitivity is, of course, 1
25、.45 %.The minimum ASTM penetrameter thickness that will showthe 1T hole image is 22 and the military specification markingis 1.1.5.1.8 If radiographs are exposed to a density other than 2 bychanging mAmin exposure, but not kilovoltage, the equivalentpenetrameter sensitivity (EPS) that will be obtain
26、ed in thedensity range 1.3 to 4 can be calculated approximately asfollows:EPSD5 EPS22/D!1/4(1)where:D = density to which the radiograph is exposed,EPS2= sensitivity for D = 2.0, andEPSD= sensitivity for D.NOTE 1A clear definition of equivalent penetrameter sensitivity hasnot been established for pen
27、etrameters less than 10 mils 0.25 mm thick.For this work it was calculated as follows:EPS,%5 70.7 dT!1/2/t (2)where:d = diameter of penetrameter hole,T = thickness of penetrameter, andt = specimen thickness.The change in slope of the steel thickness curves on Figs. 2 and 3 is aresult of the establis
28、hed 10-mil minimum hole diameter.5.2 Sensitivity for 1 to 6-in. 25 to 152-mm Thick SteelUsing Cobalt-60:5.2.1 For cobalt-60 radiography of steel, the variables thataffect image quality and that can be controlled are the speed ofthe film and the recording of scattered radiation relative to therecordi
29、ng of image-forming radiation. The relative recordingof scatter (the scatter buildup factor) can be decreased by theuse of lead filtration between the specimen and the film or bythe use of low-atomic-number metal screens. Either methodgives nearly equal improvement in image quality for a givenincrea
30、se in exposure.5.2.2 Radiographs of flat steel plates were made either with10-mil 0.25-mm thick front and back lead or copper screens.A30-Ci source, 4 by 4 mm, was used with a setup designed togive maximum buildup of scatter in the specimen and nobackscatter. The source-to-film distance was 36 in. 9
31、14 mm.The exposure was adjusted for a density near 2.0.5.2.3 The four films used are identified by reciprocal roent-gen speed when exposed in accordance with ISO 7004 usingcobalt-60 radiation and processed in accordance with themanufacturers recommendations.Film No. Speed1 3.52 0.673 0.134 0.045.2.4
32、 Fig. 4 shows equivalent penetrameter sensitivity ob-tainable for 1 and 4-in. 25 and 102-mm thick steel as afunction of exposure in curie minutes. Fig. 5 shows equivalentpenetrameter sensitivity obtainable for 2 and 6-in. 51 and152-mm thick steel as a function of exposure. The numbers onthe curves i
33、ndicate the various radiographic exposures shownin Table 1.5.2.5 The films, screens, and exposures used for the radio-graphs were as specified in Table 1.6. Descriptions and Suggested Uses of ReferenceRadiographic Illustrations (See 1.2)6.1 Eight radiographs were chosen to illustrate sensitivitiesob
34、tainable with practical radiographic systems. Table 2 listsfilms and exposure conditions for reference illustrations Nos. 1through 6 (for X-ray) and Table 1 lists films and exposureconditions for illustrations Nos. 7 and 8 (for cobalt 60). Theradiographic illustrations for cobalt correspond to radio
35、graphsNos. 9 and 12 in Table 1 and Fig. 4.6.2 Each radiographic illustration has an array of ASTMpenetrameters on the right-hand side and a corresponding arrayof steel plaques containing holes of varying diameters on theleft-hand side. Illustrations Nos. 1 through 6 contain plaqueswhich represent 2
36、% of steel thicknesses radiographed andeach has ten holes of a given diameter. Illustrations Nos. 7 and8 contain plaques 0.060-in. 1.51-mm thick, and each has 10NOTE 1See 5.1.3 for exposure conditions.FIG. 3 Penetrameter Sensitivity and Minimum PenetrameterMarkings for Showing the 1T Hole When Radio
37、graphing14 to2-in. 6 to 51-mm Thick Steel with X Rays.E 592 99 (2004)3and 15 holes respectively of a given diameter. The plaque forwhich all hole images are just visible represent near limitingpenetrameter sensitivity.6.3 Reference radiographs Nos. 1, 2, and 3 illustrate thevisibility of penetramete
38、r holes for radiography of12 ,1,and112-in. 13, 25, and 38-mm thick steel using film No. 2. Theexposure conditions were as specified in 5.1.3.6.4 Reference radiograph No. 4 illustrates penetrametersensitivity for12-in. 13-mm steel using film No. 4. Acomparison of reference radiograph Nos. 1 and 4 ill
39、ustrates theeffect of film speed on penetrameter sensitivity for a constantmilliampere-minute exposure with adjusted kilovoltage.6.5 A comparison of reference radiographs Nos. 1, 5, and 6illustrates the effects on penetrameter sensitivity of changingNOTE 1The numbers on curves refer to exposure cond
40、itions given inTable 1.FIG. 4 Obtainable Penetrameter Sensitivity for Cobalt-60Radiography of 1 and 4-in. 25 and 102-mm Thick Steel at 36-in.914-mm Distance.NOTE 1The numbers on curves refer to exposure conditions given inTable 1.FIG. 5 Obtainable Penetrameter Sensitivity for Cobalt-60Radiography of
41、 2 and 6-in. 51 and 152-mm Steel at 36-in. 914-mm Distance.E 592 99 (2004)4exposure (2.5, 20, and 160 mA . min) for a given film byadjusting kilovoltage to maintain film density at 2.0.6.6 Reference radiographs Nos. 7 and 8 are illustrations ofresults obtained for cobalt-60 sources of radiation. The
42、yillustrate the extremes in sensitivity for radiography of 4-in.102-mm thick steel.7. Precision and Bias7.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof Guide E 592, since the guide merely provides informationfor estimating sensitivity values or for performing a userspecific evaluation
43、of a radiographic system.8. Keywords8.1 cobalt 60; density; equivalent penetrameter sensitivity;exposure; reference radiographic illustrations; X raysASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. User
44、s of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every
45、five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technica
46、l committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
47、 PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Description of Cobalt-6
48、0 Radiographs Cited in Figs. 4and 5Thickness ofSteelRadio-graphFilm ScreensExposure,Cimin1 in. 25 mm 1 2 lead 1302 2 copper 2403 3 lead 7704 4 copper 3 1002 in. 51 mm 5 1 copper 706 2 lead 2607 2 copper 5108 3 copper 3 0204 in. 102 mm 9 1 copper 38010 2 lead 1 43011 2 copper 2 80012 3 copper 15 7006
49、 in. 152 mm 13 1 lead 1 14014 1 copper 2 24015 2 lead 7 80016 2 copper 16 000TABLE 2 Description of Reference Radiographs Using X RaysNOTE 1The focus-film distance was 36 in. 914 mm and thekilovoltage was adjusted to give a density near 2.0 on all of theradiographs described below.Radiograph No.Thickness of Steel,in. mmFilm No.Exposure,mAmin112 13 2 202 1 25 2 203112 38 2 20412 13 4 20512 13 2 2.5612 13 2 160E 592 99 (2004)5
