1、Designation: E592 99 (Reapproved 2009)1E592 15Standard Guide toObtainable ASTM Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity forRadiography of Steel Plates 14 to 2 in. (6 to 51 mm) Thickwith X Rays X-Rays and 1 to 6 in. (25 to 152 mm) Thick withCobalt-601This standard is issued under the fixed designation E59
2、2; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapprova
3、l.1 NOTEReapproved with editorial changes in June 2009.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide to obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity covers the minimum penetrameter thicknesses for which theimage of the 1T and 2T holes is visible for a few practical radiographic conditions. The values represent ne
4、ar optimum sensitivityfor flat steel plates. Radiographic conditions that give higher values of scatter buildup from the specimen or backscattered radiationat the image plane will give poorer sensitivity.1.2 Eight radiographs that illustrate sensitivities obtainable with practical radiographic syste
5、ms are included as adjuncts to thisguide and may be obtained from ASTM.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated wi
6、th its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E746 Practice for Determining Relative Image Quality Response of Indu
7、strial Radiographic Imaging SystemsE999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film ProcessingE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinati
8、onsE1742 Practice for Radiographic ExaminationE1735 Test Method for Determining Relative Image Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Exposed to X-Radiation from 4 to25 MeVE1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography2.2 ISO Standard:ISO 7004 PhotographyIndustrial
9、Radiographic FilmsDetermination of ISO Speed, ISO Average Gradient, and ISOGradients G2 adnand G4 When Exposed to X- and Gamma-Radiation32.3 Military Standard:MIL-STD-271 Nondestructive Testing Requirements for Metals4NAVSEA Technical Publication T9074-AS-Gib-010/271T9074-AS-GIB-010/271 Requirements
10、 for Nondestructive TestingMethods1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02 on ReferenceRadiological Images.Current edition approved June 1, 2009June 1, 2015. Published July 2009June 2015. Originally
11、 approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 asE592 - 99(2004).(2009)1. DOI: 10.1520/E0592-99R09E01.10.1520/E0592-99R15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume in
12、formation, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of
13、 what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered
14、 the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.4 ASTM Adjuncts:Guide for Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitivity Between X Rays X-Rays and Cobalt-6
15、043. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology E1316, Section D.4. Significance and Use4.1 Akey consideration with any radiographic system is its capability to resolve detail contrast resolution and spatial resolutioncapability (that is, sensiti
16、vity). The degree of obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon several radiographicparameters such as source energy level, film type, system class, type and thickness of intensifying screens, exposure (density), etc.This guide permits the user to estimate the degree of sensitivity
17、 that may be obtained with X rays X-rays and cobalt-60 gammarays when using a prescribed set of radiographic parameters. This guide may also be used in conjunction with Test MethodMethodsE746 or E1735 to provide a basis for developing data for evaluation of a users specific system. This data may ass
18、ist a user indetermining appropriate parameters for obtaining desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity. An alternate to this approachis the use of those adjunct radiographic illustrations detailed in Section 6.5. Procedure5.1 Sensitivity for 14 to 2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel Using X Ray
19、s: X-Rays:5.1.1 The values of sensitivity were determined from a statistical study of visibility of images of penetrameter holes. Near100 % certainty of seeing the image of a hole on any radiograph was taken as the criterion for determining sensitivity. Mostradiographs will show slightly better sens
20、itivity than indicated in Figs. 1-3 because of the statistical nature of recording informationfrom a beam of X rays X-rays but occasionally, one will not show quite as good sensitivity.5.1.2 Equivalent Penetrameter Sensitvity (EPS) is defined in Eq 1. For a full discussion of EPS see Appendix X1 of
21、PracticeE1025.EPS,% 5 70.7 dT!12t (1)where:d = diameter of penetrameter hole,T = thickness of penetrameter, andt = specimen thickness.A clear definition of equivalent penetrameter sensitivity has not been established for penetrameters less than 10 mils (0.25 mm)thick. For this work it was calculated
22、 as in Eq 1. The change in slope of the steel thickness curves on Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 is a resultof the established 10-mil minimum hole diameter in Practice E1025 and Practice E1742, Appendix A1.5.1.3 Fig. 1 illustrates obtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (seeAppendix X1 of Practice E1025)
23、for four X-ray films.The films are identified by reciprocal roentgen speed speed (see Test Method E1815) when exposed in accordance with ISO 7004in a 200-kV range, and processed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations (see Guide E999).4 Available from Standardization Documents Order Des
24、k, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.4 Available from ASTM Headquarters. Order RRE0592.NOTE 1See 5.1.35.1.4 for exposure conditions.FIG. 1 Obtainable Penetrameter Sensitivity for 14 to 2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel When Radiographing with X Rays.X-Rays.E5
25、92 152Film No. Speed1 172 4.03 1.24 0.35NOTE 1See 5.1.35.1.4 for exposure conditions.FIG. 2 Penetrameter Sensitivity and Minimum Penetrameter Markings for Showing the 2T Hole When Radiographing14 to 2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel with X Rays.X-Rays.NOTE 1See 5.1.35.1.4 for exposure conditions.FIG. 3
26、 Penetrameter Sensitivity and Minimum Penetrameter Markings for Showing the 1T Hole When Radiographing14 to 2-in. (6 to 51-mm) Thick Steel with X Rays.X-Rays.E592 153Film Type RoentgenSpeed ISO Speed ASTM Class1 17 1700 none2 4.0 400 III3 1.2 120 I4 0.35 35 Special5.1.4 The radiographic exposure con
27、ditions for reference radiographs 1, 2, 3, and 4 were: 36-in. (914-mm) focus-film distance,5-mil (0.13-mm) front and 10-mil (0.25-mm) back lead screens, 20 mAmin exposure, and kilovoltage adjusted to give a densityof near 2.0. The focal spot size was not recorded with the original data.5.1.5 Most hi
28、gh-quality industrial X-ray films intended for direct or lead screen exposure, that are exposed and developedaccordingly to give these speed values, will provide similar illustrations of sensitivity. Interpolation will give illustrations ofsensitivity for speeds obtained with other film systems.5.1.
29、6 In Fig. 2 the data are presented to show the thinnest penetrameter for which the image of the 2 T hole will be visible. Theintersection of the line for a particular steel thickness and the line for a given film projected onto the abscissa gives the bestobtainable equivalent penetrameter sensitivit
30、y. Two different penetrameter markings are displayed in the figure: those for PracticeE1025 and those for Practice E1742, Annex A1 (also NAVSEA Technical Publication T9074-AS-GIB-010/271 and formerMIL-STD-453 penetrameter markings). The intersection projected to the left ordinate gives the minimum p
31、enetrameter marking(thickness in mils) in accordance with Practice E1025 for which the image of the 2T hole will be visible. The right ordinate givesthe minimum penetrameter marking in accordance with MIL-STD-271Practice E1742, Annex A1, for which the image of the 2Thole will be visible.5.1.7 Fig. 3
32、 gives theASTMPractice E1025 and militaryPractice E1742,AnnexA1 markings for which the image of the 1T holewill be visible.5.1.8 To take an example, on Fig. 2 the intersection of the curve for 1-in. (25-mm) thick steel and for Film No. 2 shows thatthe penetrameter sensitivity is 1.45 %. The minimum
33、ASTMPractice E1025 penetrameter thickness that will show the 2T holeimage is 15. The corresponding militaryPractice E1742, Annex A1 marking is 0.75 (see dashed lines). On Fig. 3 the sensitivityis, of course, 1.45 %. The minimum ASTMPractice E1025 penetrameter thickness that will show the 1T hole ima
34、ge is 22 and themilitaryPractice E1742, Annex A1 specification marking is 1.1.5.1.9 If radiographs are exposed to a density other than 2 by changing mAmin exposure, but not kilovoltage, the equivalentpenetrameter sensitivity (EPS) that will be obtained in the density range 1.3 to 4 can be calculated
35、 approximately as follows:EPSD 5EPS2 2/D!1/4 (2)where:D = density to which the radiograph is exposed,EPS2 = sensitivity for D = 2.0, andEPSD = sensitivity for D.NOTE 1A clear definition of equivalent penetrameter sensitivity has not been established for penetrameters less than 10 mils (0.25 mm) thic
36、k. Forthis work it was calculated as follows:EPS,%570.7 dT!1/2/t (2)where:d = diameter of penetrameter hole,T = thickness of penetrameter, andt = specimen thickness.The change in slope of the steel thickness curves on Figs. 2 and 3 is a result of the established 10-mil minimum hole diameter.5.2 Sens
37、itivity for 1 to 6-in. (25 to 152-mm) Thick Steel Using Cobalt-60:5.2.1 For cobalt-60 radiography of steel, the variables that affect image quality and that can be controlled are the speed of thefilm and the recording of scattered radiation relative to the recording of image-forming radiation. The r
38、elative recording of scatter(the scatter buildup factor) can be decreased by the use of lead filtration between the specimen and the film or by the use oflow-atomic-number metal screens. Either method gives nearly equal improvement in image quality for a given increase inexposure.5.2.2 Radiographs o
39、f flat steel plates were made either with 10-mil (0.25-mm) thick front and back lead or copper screens.A30-Ci source, 4 by 4 mm, was used with a setup designed to give maximum buildup of scatter in the specimen and no backscatter.The source-to-film distance was 36 in. (914 mm). The exposure was adju
40、sted for a density near 2.0.5.2.3 The four films used are identified by reciprocal roentgen speed when exposed in accordance with ISO 7004 usingcobalt-60 radiation and processed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.E592 154Film No. Speed1 3.52 0.673 0.134 0.04Film Type Roentgen Speed
41、 ISO Speed1 3.5 3502 0.67 673 0.13 134 0.04 45.2.4 Fig. 4 shows equivalent penetrameter sensitivity obtainable for 1 and 4-in. (25 and 102-mm) thick steel as a function ofexposure in curie minutes. Fig. 5 shows equivalent penetrameter sensitivity obtainable for 2 and 6-in. (51 and 152-mm) thick stee
42、las a function of exposure. The numbers on the curves indicate the various radiographic exposures shown in Table 1.5.2.5 The films, screens, and exposures used for the radiographs were as specified in Table 1.6. Descriptions and Suggested Uses of Reference Radiographic Illustrations (See 1.2)6.1 Eig
43、ht radiographs were chosen to illustrate sensitivities obtainable with practical radiographic systems. Table 2 lists filmsand exposure conditions for reference radiograph illustrations Nos. 1 through 6 (for X-ray) and Table 1 lists films and exposureconditions for reference radiograph illustrations
44、Nos. 7 and 8 (for cobalt 60). The radiographic Cobalt-60). The referenceradiograph illustrations for cobaltCobalt-60 correspond to demonstration radiographs Nos. 9 and 12 in Table 1 and Fig. 4.6.2 Each radiographic reference radiograph illustration has an array of ASTMPractice E1025 penetrameters on
45、 the right-handside and a corresponding array of steel plaques containing holes of varying diameters on the left-hand side. Illustrations Nos. 1through 6 contain plaques which represent 2 % of steel thicknesses radiographed and each has ten holes of a given diameter.Illustrations Nos. 7 and 8 contai
46、n plaques 0.060-in. (1.51-mm) thick, and each has 10 and 15 holes respectively of a given diameter.The plaque for which all hole images are just visible represent near limiting penetrameter sensitivity.6.3 Reference radiographs Nos. 1, 2, and 3 illustrate the visibility of penetrameter holes for rad
47、iography of 12, 1, and 112-in.(13, 25, and 38-mm) thick steel using film No. 2. The exposure conditions were as specified in 5.1.35.1.4.6.4 Reference radiograph No. 4 illustrates penetrameter sensitivity for 12-in. (13-mm) steel using film No. 4. A comparison ofreference radiograph Nos. 1 and 4 illu
48、strates the effect of film speed on penetrameter sensitivity for a constant milliampere-minuteexposure with adjusted kilovoltage.6.5 A comparison of reference radiographs Nos. 1, 5, and 6 illustrates the effects on penetrameter sensitivity of changingexposure (2.5, 20, and 160 mA . min) for a given
49、film by adjusting kilovoltage to maintain film density at 2.0.NOTE 1The demonstration radiograph numbers on curves refer toexposure conditions given in Table 1.FIG. 4 Obtainable Penetrameter Sensitivity for Cobalt-60 Radiog-raphy of 1 and 4-in. (25 and 102-mm) Thick Steel at 36-in. (914-mm) Distance.E592 1556.6 Reference radiographs Nos. 7 and 8 are illustrations of results obtained for cobalt-60 sources of radiation. They illustratethe extremes in sensitivity for radiography of 4-in. (102-mm) thick steel.7. Precision and Bias7.1 No statement is ma
