1、Designation: E 648 09aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forCritical Radiant Flux of Floor-Covering Systems Using aRadiant Heat Energy Source1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 648; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. S
3、cope1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers a procedure formeasuring the critical radiant flux of horizontally mountedfloor-covering systems exposed to a flaming ignition source ina graded radiant heat energy environment in a test chamber. Aspecimen is mounted over underlayment, a simulated conc
4、retestructural floor, bonded to a simulated structural floor, orotherwise mounted in a typical and representative way.1.2 This fire-test-response standard measures the criticalradiant flux at flame-out. It provides a basis for estimating oneaspect of fire exposure behavior for floor-covering systems
5、.The imposed radiant flux simulates the thermal radiation levelslikely to impinge on the floors of a building whose uppersurfaces are heated by flames or hot gases, or both, from a fullydeveloped fire in an adjacent room or compartment. Thestandard was developed to simulate an important fire exposur
6、ecomponent of fires that develop in corridors or exitways ofbuildings and is not intended for routine use in estimatingflame spread behavior of floor covering in building areas otherthan corridors or exitways. See Appendix X1 for informationon proper application and interpretation of experimental re
7、sultsfrom use of this test.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes, excluding those in tab
8、les and figures, shall not beconsidered as requirements of this standard.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-ris
9、kassessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actualfire conditions1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determ
10、ine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazardstatements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement SheetsE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With Specified Precision, the Average for
11、 a Characteristicof a Lot or ProcessE 136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a VerticalTube Furnace at 750CE 171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning andTesting Flexible Barrier MaterialsE 176 Terminology of Fire Standards3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsSee Terminology E 176 for additio
12、nal defi-nitions.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 blackbody temperature, nthe temperature of a per-fect radiatora surface with an emissivity of unity and,therefore, a reflectivity of zero.3.2.2 corridor, nan enclosed space connecting a room orcompartment with an exit. The cor
13、ridor includes normalextensions, such as lobbies and other enlarged spaces, wherepresent.3.2.3 critical radiant flux, nthe level of incident radiantheat energy on the floor covering system at the most distantflame-out point. It is reported as W/cm2(Btu/ft2s).3.2.4 flame-out, nthe time at which the l
14、ast vestige offlame or glow disappears from the surface of the test specimen,frequently accompanied by a final puff of smoke.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.22 on SurfaceBurning.Current edition ap
15、proved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originallyapproved in 1978. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E 648 09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
16、 to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.5 floor covering, nan essentially planar material hav-ing a relatively small thickness in comparison to its length orwidth
17、, which is laid on a floor to enhance the beauty, comfort,and utility of the floor.3.2.6 floor covering system, na single material, compositeor assembly comprised of the floor covering and relatedinstallation components (adhesive, cushion, etc.), if any.3.2.7 flux profile, nthe curve relating incide
18、nt radiant heatenergy on the specimen plane to distance from the point ofinitiation of flaming ignition, that is, 0 cm.3.2.8 time zero, nthe point in time when the chamber dooris closed, which needs to occur within 3 s after the specimenhas been moved into the chamber (see 12.5).3.2.9 total flux met
19、er, nthe instrument used to measure thelevel of radiant heat energy incident on the specimen plane atany point.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The basic elements of the test chamber are (1) an air-gasfueled radiant heat energy panel inclined at 30 to and directedat (2) a horizontally mounted floor cove
20、ring system specimen,Fig. 1. The radiant panel generates a radiant energy fluxdistribution ranging along the 100-cm length of the testspecimen from a nominal maximum of 1.0 W/cm2to aminimum of 0.1 W/cm2. The test is initiated by open-flameignition from a pilot burner. The distance burned to flame-ou
21、tis converted to watts per square centimetre from the flux profilegraph, Fig. 2, and reported as critical radiant flux, W/cm2.5. Significance and Use5.1 This fire test response standard is designed to provide abasis for estimating one aspect of the fire exposure behavior ofa floor-covering system in
22、stalled in a building corridor. The testenvironment is intended to simulate conditions that have beenobserved and defined in full scale corridor experiments.5.2 The test is intended to be suitable for regulatory statutes,specification acceptance, design purposes, or development andresearch.5.3 The f
23、undamental assumption inherent in the test is thatcritical radiant flux is one measure of the sensitivity to flamespread of floor-covering systems in a building corridor.5.4 The test is applicable to floor-covering system speci-mens that follow or simulate accepted installation practice.Tests on the
24、 individual elements of a floor system are of limitedvalue and not valid for evaluation of the flooring system.FIG. 1 Flooring Radiant Panel Test Showing Carpet Specimen and Gas Fueled PanelE 648 09a2NOTE 1In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or morespecific sets of laboratory fire
25、test exposure conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the anticipated end-use conditions arechanged, it may not be possible by or from this test to predict changes inthe performance characteristics measured. Therefore, the results arestrictly valid only for the fire test exposure
26、conditions described in thisprocedure.If the test results obtained by this method are to be considered in thetotal assessment of fire risk, then all pertinent established criteria for firerisk assessment developed by Committee E05 must be included in theconsideration.6. Flooring Radiant Panel Test C
27、hamberConstructionand Instrumentation6.1 The flooring radiant panel test chamber employed forthis test shall be located in a draft-protected laboratory.6.1.1 The flooring radiant panel test chamber, Fig. 3 andFig. 4, shall consist of an enclosure 1400 6 10 mm (55 6 0.39in.) long by 500 6 10 mm (1912
28、 6 0.39 in.) deep by 710 6 10mm (28 6 0.39 in.) above the test specimen. The sides, ends,and top shall be of 13-mm (12-in.) calcium silicate, 0.74 g/cm3(46 lb/ft3) nominal density, insulating material with a thermalconductivity at 177C (350F) of 0.128 W/(mK) 0.89 Btuin./(hft2F). One side shall be pr
29、ovided with an approximately100 by 1100-mm (4 by 44-in.) draft-tight fire-resistant glasswindow so the entire length of the test specimen will beobservable from outside the fire test chamber. On the same sideand below the observation window is a door that, when open,allows the specimen platform to b
30、e moved out for mounting orremoval of test specimens. When required for observation, adraft-tight fire-resistant window shall be installed at the lowflux end of the chamber.6.1.2 The bottom of the test chamber shall consist of asliding steel platform that has provisions for rigidly securingthe test
31、specimen holder in a fixed and level position. The free,or air access, area around the platform shall be in the rangefrom 2300 to 3225 cm2(356 to 500 in.2).6.1.3 When the rate of flame front advance is to bemeasured, a metal scale marked with 10-mm intervals shall beinstalled on the back of the plat
32、form or on the back wall of thechamber.6.1.4 When the extent of flame travel is to be measured aftera prescribed burning period, for example, 15 min, the metalscale described in 6.1.3 shall be used.6.1.5 The top of the chamber shall have an exhaust stackwith interior dimensions of 102 6 3 mm (4.00 6
33、 0.13 in.) wideby 380 6 3 mm (15.00 6 0.13 in.) deep by 318 6 3mm(12.506 0.13 in.) high at the opposite end of the chamber fromthe radiant energy source.6.2 The radiant heat energy source shall be a panel ofporous material mounted in a cast iron or steel frame with aradiation surface of 305 by 457 m
34、m (12 by 18 in.). It shall becapable of operating at temperatures up to 816C (1500F).The panel fuel system shall consist of a venturi-type aspiratorfor mixing gas3and air at approximately atmospheric pressure,a clean, dry air supply capable of providing 28.3 NTP m3/h(1000 standard ft3/h) at 76 mm (3
35、.0 in.) of water, and suitableinstrumentation for monitoring and controlling the flow of fuelto the panel.6.2.1 The radiant heat energy panel is mounted in thechamber at a nominal angle of 30 6 5 to the horizontalspecimen plane. The radiant panel shall be adjusted to obtainthe flux profile within th
36、e limits specified in 10.6. Thehorizontal distance from the 0 mark on the specimen fixture to3Gas used in this test shall be commercial grade propane having a heating valueof approximately 83.1 MJ/m3(2500 Btu/ft3), commercial grade methane having aminimum purity of 96 %, or natural gas.FIG. 2 Standa
37、rd Radiant Heat Energy Flux ProfileE 648 09a3the bottom edge (projected) of the radiating surface of thepanel is 89 6 3 mm (3.5 6 0.13 in.). The panel-to-specimenvertical distance is 140 6 3 mm (5.5 6 0.13 in.) (see Fig. 3).6.2.2 The radiation pyrometer for standardizing the thermaloutput of the pan
38、el shall be suitable for viewing a circular area254 mm (10 in.) in diameter at a range of about 1.37 m (54 in.).It shall be calibrated over the 490 to 510C (914 to 950F)operating blackbody temperature range in accordance with theprocedure described in Annex A1.6.2.3 A high impedance or potentiometri
39、c voltmeter with asuitable millivolt range shall be used to monitor the output ofthe radiation pyrometer described in 6.2.2.6.3 The specimen holder (see Fig. 5) shall be constructedfrom heat-resistant stainless steel (AISI Type 300 (UNA-NO8330) or equivalent) having a thickness of 1.98 mm (0.078in.)
40、 and an overall dimension of 1140 by 320 mm (45 by 1234in.) with a specimen opening of 200 6 3mmby1000+15mm-0 mm (7.9 6 0.13 in. by 39.4 + 0.59 -0 in.). Six slots shall becut in the flange on either side of the holder to reduce warping.The holder shall be fastened to the platform with two stud bolts
41、at each end.6.4 The pilot burner, used to ignite the specimen, is anominal 6 mm (14 in.) inside diameter, 10 mm (38 in.) outsidediameter stainless steel tube line burner having 19 evenlyspaced 0.7 mm (0.028 in.) diameter (#70 drill) holes drilledradially along the centerline, and 16 evenly spaced 0.
42、7 mm(0.028 in.) diameter (#70 drill) holes drilled radially 60 belowthe centerline (see Fig. 6). In operation, the gas flow is adjustedto 0.085 to 0.100 m3/h (3.0 to 3.5 SCFH) (air scale) flow rate.The pilot burner is positioned no more than 5 from thehorizontal so the flame generated will impinge o
43、n the specimenat the 0 distance burned point (see Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). When theFIG. 3 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Side ElevationE 648 09a4burner is not being applied to the specimen, move it away fromthe ignition position so it is at least 50 mm (2 in.) away fromthe specimen.6.4.1 With th
44、e gas flow properly adjusted and the pilotburner in the test position, the pilot flame shall extend fromapproximately 63.5 mm (2.5 in.) at either end to approximately127 mm (5 in.) at the center.6.4.2 The holes in the pilot burner shall be kept clean.Asoftwire brush has been found suitable to remove
45、 the surfacecontaminants. Nickel-chromium or stainless steel wire with anoutside diameter of 0.5 mm (0.020 in.) is suitable for openingthe holes.6.5 A 3.2-mm (18-in.) stainless steel sheathed groundedjunction Chromel-Alumel thermocouple shall be located in theflooring radiant panel test chamber (see
46、 Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). Thechamber thermocouple is located in the longitudinal centralvertical plane of the chamber 25 mm (1 in.) down from the topand 102 mm (4 in.) back from inside the exhaust stack.6.5.1 The thermocouple shall be kept clean to ensureaccuracy of readout.6.5.2 An indicating potentiome
47、ter with a range from 100 to500C (212 to 932F) shall be used to determine the chambertemperature prior to a test.6.6 An exhaust duct with a capacity of 28.3 to 85 NTPm3/min (1000 to 3000 standard ft3/min) decoupled from thechamber stack by at least 76 mm (3 in.) on all sides and withan effective are
48、a of the canopy slightly larger than plane area ofthe chamber with the specimen platform in the out position isused to remove combustion products from the chamber. Withthe panel turned on and the dummy specimen in place, the airflow rate through the stack shall be 76.2 6 15.2 m/min (250 650 ft/min)
49、when measured with a hot wire anemometer aboutFIG. 4 Flooring Radiant Panel Tester Schematic Low Flux End, ElevationE 648 09a530 s after insertion of the probe into the center of the stackopening at a distance of 152 mm (6 in.) down from the top ofthe stack opening.6.6.1 The hot wire anemometer shall have an accuracy of60.1 m/s.6.7 The dummy specimen that is used in the flux profiledetermination shall be made of 19-mm (34-in.) inorganic 0.74g/cm3(46 lb/ft3) nominal density calcium silicate board (seeFig. 5). It is 250 mm (10 in.) wide b
