1、Designation: E 688 94 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Methods forWaste Glass as a Raw Material for Glass Manufacturing1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 688; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods give the various tests for assessingthe compliance of glass recovered from wastes for use as
3、 a rawmaterial for glass manufacturing.1.2 The test methods combine visual examinations withboth chemical and physical tests. A flow chart of the testingsequence is included in this test method (see Fig. 1).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in pare
4、ntheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitati
5、ons prior to use. For hazard state-ments, see 5.3, 5.5, Section 6, 11.1.1 and 12.3.2.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 169 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Soda-Limeand Borosilicate GlassC 566 Test Method for Total Evaporable Moisture Contentof Aggregate by DryingC 702 Practice for R
6、educing Samples of Aggregate toTesting SizeC 729 Test Method for Density of Glass by the Sink-FloatComparatorD 1068 Test Methods for Iron in WaterD 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 2576 Discontinued 1981; Method of Test for Metals inWater and Waste Water byAtomicAbsorption Spectropho-tometry3D
7、4129 Test Method for Total and Organic Carbon in Waterby High Temperature Oxidation and by Coulometric De-tectionE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of MaterialsE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified
8、Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or Process3. Significance and Use3.1 These test methods provide a means for determiningwhether waste glass is suitable for use as a raw material forglass manufacturing.4. Apparatus4.1 The following various items of equipment required maybe pu
9、rchased from most laboratory supply houses:4.1.1 Aspirator.4.1.2 Balance.4.1.3 Burner, Fisher (Meker) type.4.1.4 Crucible, porcelain or other ceramic.4.1.5 Crucible, platinum.4.1.6 Flask, filtering, with side tube, 2000-ml.4.1.7 Funnel, Bchner, approximately 171 mm in diameter.4.1.8 Funnel, approxim
10、ately 150 mm in diameter, filtering.4.1.9 Furnace, 540C or 1000F.4.1.10 Clamps, tubing, screw compressor.4.1.11 Magnet, C-shaped, Alnico.4.1.12 Magnifier,53,103.4.1.13 Oven, 110C or 230F.4.1.14 Scales, triple-beam.4.1.15 Sieves, U.S. Standard Series50 mm (2 in.), 6.3 mm(14 in.), 1.18 mm (No. 16), 85
11、0 m (No. 20), 425 m (No. 40),250 m (No. 60), 106 m (No. 140), conforming to Specifi-cation E11.4.1.16 Sink-Float Standard, sp gr 2.65.4.1.17 Triangle, platinum.4.1.18 Tubing, vinyl.44.1.19 Other ancillary laboratory equipment.5. Reagents and Materials5.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals sha
12、ll beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 onWaste Management and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.03 onIndustrial Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2006. Published
13、 February 2006. Originallyapproved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E 688 94 (1999)2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards D
14、ocument Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.4Tygon plastic tubing, available from Norton Co., Plastics and Synthetics Div.,Dept TR2, 12 East Ave., Tallmadge, OH 44278, or equivalent, has been foundsuitable for this purpose.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, Wes
15、t Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available.5Other grades may beused, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is ofsufficientl
16、y high purity to permit its use without lessening theaccuracy of the determination.5.2 Purity of Water Unless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shall be understood to mean reagent water, TypeII, as defined in Specification D 1193.5.3 WarningAcetone (see 15.5)This substance is highlyflammable
17、 (Class B) and must not be used in the vicinity ofopen flames or other ignition sources. Vapors should not beinhaled, since they can cause skin and membrane irritation.5.4 Ethyl Alcohol, denatured.5.5 Hydrochloric Acid (3 N and 6 N) (see 12.3.2/15.11)Prepare 3 N acid by diluting 1 part of concentrat
18、ed hydrochlo-ric acid (HCl, sp gr 1.19) with 3 parts of water. Prepare 6 Nacid by diluting 1 part of concentrated HCl with 1 part of water.(WarningThese materials are corrosive and injurious to theskin as well as irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes.)5.6 Potassium Hydroxide, Saturated Solutio
19、nAdd 100 gof potassium hydroxide (KOH) slowly, while stirring, to 100ml water. Store this solution in a polyethylene bottle. Thissolution is corrosive and injurious to the skin.5.7 Sodium Carbonate (Na2CO3).5.8 sym-Tetrabromoethane (Acetylene Tetrabromide) (sp gr2.964)This substance has a threshold
20、limit value (8 htime-weighted average exposure) of 1 ppm and a short timeexposure limit (15 min) of 1.25 ppm. It must be used in a hoodor under conditions of ensured ventilation.6. Hazards6.1 The analyst should be aware of good laboratory prac-tices. Adequate ventilation is necessary, particularly f
21、or han-dling sym-tetrabromoethane and the density liquids used in5Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals
22、, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.FIG. 1 Simplified Testing Flow ChartE 688 94 (2006)215.7.1-15.10.1. The flammability of acetone must be consid-ered when it is used in 15.5.6.2 Due to t
23、he origins of glass samples in municipal wastesdestined for disposal, common sense dictates that some pre-cautions should be observed when conducting tests on thesamples. Recommended hygienic practices include usinggloves when handling waste glass and washing hands beforeeating or smoking.7. Samplin
24、g7.1 Gross Sample Take a grab sample weighing 36 kg (80lb) in such a manner that it will be representative of the lot asdescribed in Practices E 105 and E 122.7.2 Test Sample PreparationReduce the gross sample totwo samples, each weighing 18 kg (40 lb) by a method asdescribed in Practice C 702. Use
25、one sample for testing forinorganic material. Reduce the other sample by coning andquartering to produce at least seven samples, each weighing454 g (1 lb), to be used for the remaining tests described inSections 8-14.7.3 Sample PreservationStore the gross sample and sub-sequent samples in such a man
26、ner as to prevent not only theloss of contaminants but to prevent further contamination, untilthe necessary tests can be performed. It is recommended thatsamples be stored in sealed plastic bags (75 m or 3 mil) orother airtight containers in order to avoid gain or loss ofmoisture.8. Flow Test68.1 Th
27、is test is used to ensure that the sample of glass showsno drainage, is noncaking, and free flowing.8.2 If the sample is 90 % larger than will pass through a1.18-mm (No. 16) sieve, the requirements will be met if thesample shows no drainage of water.8.3 Method AIf the sample contains in excess of 10
28、 %through a 1.18-mm (No. 16) sieve, screen a sample through the1.18-mm sieve, 454 g (1 lb) of this material must flow out ofthe funnel as follows: Fit a powder funnel having a uniforminternal stem diameter of 18 mm, a stem length of 30 mm, anda top of 80 mm, in a rack, and close off the bottom by th
29、e palmof a hand. Pour the sample to be tested into the funnel until thefunnel is full. When the hand over the opening is removed,glass meeting the requirements will flow out of the funnel. Oneor two light taps on the funnel may be used to begin or aid flow.If the glass fails to flow out of the speci
30、fied funnel and bothproducers and users agree, a second funnel test (Method B)may be performed; this test will measure the flow properties ofa somewhat more sticky glass.8.4 Method BUse the same procedure as in Method Aexcept that the dimensions of the second funnel shall be: steminternal diameter,
31、38 mm; stem length, 48 mm; top diameter,170 mm.9. Moisture Content9.1 ProcedureDry five 454-g (1-lb) test samples (see 7.2)to constant weight in accordance with Test Method C 566.Drying time may be in the order of2hat110C (230F).Record the dry weight of at least one sample for use in 9.2. Usethe rem
32、aining dry samples for testing according to Sections10-14.9.2 Calculation Calculate the moisture content as fol-lows:Moisture, % 5original weight 2 dry weight! 3 100original weight(1)10. Particle Size10.1 ProcedureScreen a sample from 9.1 on a 50-mm(2-in.) sieve.Weigh the material remaining on the s
33、ieve. Screenthe material passing the sieve on a 106-m (No. 140) sieve.Anintervening sieve, such as a 212 m (No. 70) may be usedmerely to reduce the amount presented to the test sieve. Weighmaterial passing through the 106-m sieve. Shake all sievesmechanically for 10 min or by hand to achieve equival
34、entresults. Other intervening screen sizes may be utilized.10.2 Calculations Calculate the percent of plus 50-mmand minus 106-m material as follows:Plus 502mm material, % 5 A/W! 3 100 (2)Minus 1062m material, % 5 B/W! 3 100 (3)where:A = weight of material on 50-mm sieve,B = weight of material throug
35、h 106-m sieve, andW = dry weight of sample.11. Total Organics (Paper, Plastic, and OtherCombustibles)11.1 Indirect Method:11.1.1 ProcedureUsing a sample from 9.1, place thesample in an uncovered ceramic crucible(s) and heat to 540C(1000F). Maintain this temperature for12 h or until all flameand smok
36、e have ceased. (WarningOverheating can causethe glass particles to fuse together. Allow the sample to cool toroom temperature, weigh, and calculate the percent totalorganics. Reserve the sample or use an alternative dry samplefor subsequent tests.)11.1.2 Calculation Calculate the percent total organ
37、ics asfollows:Total organics, % 5 100 2weight after ignition 3 100dry weight of sample(4)11.2 Direct Method for Organic CarbonOrganic carboncan only be inferred from the method in 11.1. Organic carboncan be determined directly by the method in this section.11.2.1 ProcedureOrganic carbon can be deter
38、mined di-rectly by an instrumental method such as coulometrics.7TestMethod D 4129 uses this instrumentation for total and organic6More detailed testing procedures and the effect of compaction are discussed byCarson, J. W., in International Journal of Powder Metallurgy and PowderTechnology, vol. 11,
39、1975, pp. 233239.7Model 5010 Coulometer, available from Coulometrics Inc., a subsidiary of UICInc., P.O. Box 563, Joliet, IL 60434.E 688 94 (2006)3carbon in water. The instrument can be readily adapted to solidmaterials such as waste glass.12. Magnetic Material (Iron Contamination)12.1 The method of
40、 testing for iron contamination willdepend on the particle size of the sample.12.2 Determination of Iron Contamination in Coarse Glass(Larger Than 6 mm in Size):12.2.1 ProcedureUsing the sample from 9.1 or from areplicate dry sample, spread a portion of the sample over aclean, dry surface in such a
41、manner as not to have any pilesover three particles deep. Cover the poles of a C-shapedAlnicomagnet or its equivalent with a piece of paper or plastic film.Draw the magnet slowly through the glass particles so as tocollect any magnetic material present. Transfer the magneticmaterial to an appropriat
42、e container by removing the coverfrom the magnet, while holding it over the container. Continuethis process until all of the sample has been exposed to themagnet. Screen at 6.3 mm (14 in.); then combine the magneticmaterial from all portions of the sample, weigh, and calculatethe percent magnetic ma
43、terial. Reserve all portions of thesample, or from a replicate sample for subsequent tests.12.2.2 Calculation Calculate the percent magnetic mate-rial as follows:Magnetic material, % 5weight of tramp iron 3 100dry weight of sample(5)12.3 Determination of Iron Contamination in Fine Glass(Smaller than
44、 6 mm Size):12.3.1 Weigh 100 g from the sample from 11.1 or from areplicate.12.3.2 Add 250 ml of 6 N hydrochloric acid (HCl) andslowly heat to a vigorous boil. Stir while boiling. (WarningRapid heating may cause “bumping.”)12.3.3 Cool the sample and filter through a medium filterpaper. Catch the fil
45、trate in a 500-ml volumetric flask and washthe insolvable sample at least five times with warm distilledwater. Wash water should not exceed 500 ml. Allow the flaskand its contents to cool to room temperature and dilute tovolume with distilled water.12.3.4 Transfer an appropriate sized aliquot to a 2
46、00-mlvolumetric flask and analyze for iron, by either Test MethodsD 1068 or Test Method D 2576.12.3.5 Calculation Calculate the percent iron as follows:Iron, % 5weight of iron Fe11! 3 100dry weight of sample(6)To report results as % Fe2O3, multiply by 1.43.13. Off-Color Glass13.1 This test is used t
47、o test for off-color glass in color-sorted glass used by the container industry. Glass samples thatare plus 1.18-mm (No. 16 sieve) particle size can be tested byvisual means. Glass samples that are minus 1.18-mm particlesize cannot be tested by visual means but must be chemicallyanalyzed.13.2 Coarse
48、 Material Plus 1.18-mm.13.2.1 ProcedureSpread the dry sample from 9.1 on aclean, dry surface that is illuminated to at least 2150 lx (200fc). Visually pick out the off-color glass particles. The off-colorparticles should be segregated into amber, green (emeraldgreen and Georgia green should be segre
49、gated when examininga flint glass because emerald green has a chromium content tentimes that of Georgia green), flint, and other glass fractions.Georgia green can be visually distinguished from emeraldgreen, since Georgia green is lighter in color. Other glass colorsare those other than the colors listed. Save the fractions.13.2.2 Calculation Calculate the percent off-color glassas follows:Off2color glass, % 5weight of off2color glass 3 100dry weight of sample(7)13.3 ExamplesThe following examples are used to dem-onstrate t
