1、Designation: E 709 01Standard Guide forMagnetic Particle Examination1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indi
2、cates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This guide2describes techniques for both dry and wetmagnetic particle examinati
3、on, a nondestructive method fordetecting cracks and other discontinuities at or near the surfacein ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle examination maybe applied to raw material, semifinished material (billets,blooms, castings, and forgings), finished material and welds,regardless of heat trea
4、tment or lack thereof. It is useful forpreventive maintenance examination.1.1.1 This guide is intended as a reference to aid in thepreparation of specifications/standards, procedures and tech-niques.1.2 This guide is also a reference that may be used asfollows:1.2.1 To establish a means by which mag
5、netic particleexamination, procedures recommended or required by indi-vidual organizations, can be reviewed to evaluate their appli-cability and completeness.1.2.2 To aid in the organization of the facilities and person-nel concerned in magnetic particle examination.1.2.3 To aid in the preparation o
6、f procedures dealing withthe examination of materials and parts. This guide describesmagnetic particle examination techniques that are recom-mended for a great variety of sizes and shapes of ferromagneticmaterials and widely varying examination requirements. Sincethere are many acceptable difference
7、s in both procedure andtechnique, the explicit requirements should be covered by awritten procedure (see Section 21).1.3 This guide does not indicate, suggest, or specify accep-tance standards for parts/pieces examined by these techniques.It should be pointed out, however, that after indications hav
8、ebeen produced, they must be interpreted or classified and thenevaluated. For this purpose there should be a separate code,specification, or a specific agreement to define the type, size,location, degree of alignment and spacing, area concentration,and orientation of indications that are unacceptabl
9、e in a specificpart versus those which need not be removed before partacceptance. Conditions where rework or repair are not permit-ted should be specified.1.4 This guide describes the use of the following magneticparticle method techniques.1.4.1 Dry magnetic powder (see 8.4),1.4.2 Wet magnetic parti
10、cle (see 8.5),1.4.3 Magnetic slurry/paint magnetic particle (see 8.5.8),and1.4.4 Polymer magnetic particle (see 8.5.8).1.5 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing exami-nations in accordance with this guide shall be qualified andcertified in accordance withASNT Recommended Practice No.SNT-TC-1A,
11、 ANSI/ASNT Standard CP-189, NAS 410, or asspecified in the contract or purchase order.1.6 Nondestructive Testing AgencyIf a nondestructivetesting agency as described in Practice E 543 is used toperform the examination, the testing agency shall meet therequirements of Practice E 543.1.7 Table of Cont
12、ents:SECTIONScope 1Scope Description 1.1A Reference Document 1.2Acceptance Standards for Parts not Covered 1.3Magnetic Particle Method Techniques 1.4Personnel Qualifications 1.5Nondestructive Testing Agency 1.6Table of Contents 1.7SI Units 1.8Safety Caveat 1.9Referenced Documents 2ASTM Standards 2.1
13、SAE Documents 2.2ASNT Documents 2.3U.S. Government Documents 2.4Definitions 3Summary of Guide 4Principle 4.1Method 4.2Magnetization 4.3Types of Magnetic Particle and Their Use 4.41This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-tive Testing and is the direct responsibility o
14、f Subcommittee E07.03 on MagneticParticle and Penetrant Testing.Current edition approved July 10, 2001. Published September 2001. Originallypublished as E 709 80. Last previous edition E 709 95.2For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Applications see related GuideSE-709 in Section II of that Code.
15、1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Evaluation of Indications 4.5Typical Magnetic Particle Indications 4.6Significance and Use 5Equipment 6Types 6.1SECTIONPortability 6.2Yokes 6.3Prods 6.4Black Light 6.5Equipment Verifica
16、tion 6.6Examination Area 7Light Intensity for Examination 7.1Housekeeping 7.2Magnetic Particle Materials 8Particle Types 8.2Particle Characteristics 8.3Dry Particles 8.4Wet Particle Systems 8.5Part Preparation 9General 9.1Cleaning Examination Surface 9.2Sequence of Operations 10Sequencing Particle A
17、pplication and Establishing Mag-netic Flux Field10.1Types of Magnetizing Currents 11Basic Current Types 11.1Part Magnetization Techniques 12Examination Coverage 12.1Direct and Indirect Magnetization 12.2Choosing a Magnetization Technique 12.3Direction of Magnetic Fields 13Discontinuity Orientation v
18、s Magnetic Field Direction 13.1Circular Magnetization 13.2Torodial Magnetization 13.3Longitudinal Magnetization 13.4Multidirectional Magnetization 13.5Magnetic Field Strength 14Magnetizing Field Strengths 14.1Establishing Field Strengths 14.2Guidelines for Establishing Magnetic Fields 14.3Applicatio
19、n of Dry and Wet Magnetic Particles 15Dry Magnetic Particles 15.1Wet Particles Applications 15.2Magnetic Slurry/Paint 15.3Magnetic Polymers 15.4Interpretation of Indications 16Valid Indications 16.1Recording of Indications 17Means of Recording 17.1Accompanying Information 17.2Demagnetization 18Appli
20、cability 18.1Demagnetization Methods 18.2Extent of Demagnetization 18.3Post Examination Cleaning 19Particle Removal 19.1Means of Particle Removal 19.2Evaluation of System Performance/Sensitivity 20Contributor Factors 20.1Maintenance and Calibration of Equipment 20.2Equipment Checks 20.3Examination A
21、rea Light Level Control 20.4Dry Particle Quality Control Tests 20.5Wet Particle Quality Control Tests 20.6Bath Characteristics Control 20.7Verifying System Performance 20.8Procedure and Report 21Written Procedure 21.1Written Reports 21.2Acceptance Standards 22Safety 23SECTIONPrecision and Bias 24Key
22、words 25Annex Annex A1Appendix X1. AppendixX1Appendix X2. AppendixX21.8 The numerical values shown in inch-pound units are tobe regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for informa-tion only.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its u
23、se. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:A 275/A 275M Test Method for Magnetic Particle Exami-nation of Steel Forgin
24、gs3A 456/A 456M Specification for Magnetic Particle Exami-nation of Large Crankshaft3D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Tester4D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-eral Bomb Method)4D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (a
25、nd the Calculation of DynamicViscosity)4D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-leum Products (Bomb Method)4D 1966 Test Method for Foots in Raw Linseed Oil Gravi-metric Method5E 165 Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination6E 543 Practice for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTesting
26、6E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations6E 1444 Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination62.2 Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE): AerospaceMaterials Specifications:7AMS 2300 Premium Aircraft Quality Steel CleanlinessMagnetic Particle Inspection ProcedureAMS 2301 Aircraft Quality Steel
27、 Cleanliness Magnetic Par-ticle Inspection ProcedureAMS 2303 Aircraft Quality Steel Cleanliness Martensitic3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.7Available from Society o
28、f Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,Warrendale, PA 15096.E709012Corrosion Resistant Steels Magnetic Particle InspectionProcedureAMS 2641 Vehicle Magnetic Particle InspectionAMS 3040 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, DryMethodAMS 3041 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, WetMethod, Oil
29、Vehicle, Ready to UseAMS 3042 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, WetMethod, Dry PowderAMS 3043 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, Oil Ve-hicle, Aerosol PackagedAMS 3044 Magnetic Particles, Fluorescent, Wet Method,Dry PowderAMS 3045 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, WetMethod, Oil Vehicle, Rea
30、dy to UseAMS 3046 Magnetic Particles, Non-fluorescent, WetMethod, Oil Vehicle, Aerosol PackagedAMS 5062 Steel, Low Carbon Bars, Forgings, Tubing,Sheet, Strip, and Plate 0.25 Carbon, MaximumAMS 5355 Investment CastingsAMS-I-83387 Inspection Process, Magnetic RubberAS 4792 Water ConditioningAgents for
31、Aqueous MagneticParticle InspectionAS 5282 Tool Steel Ring Standard for Magnetic ParticleInspectionAS 5371 Reference Standards Notched Shims for MagneticParticle Inspection2.3 American Society for Nondestructive Testing:8SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice Magnetic ParticleMethodCP-189 ASNT Qualification
32、 and Certification of Nonde-structive Testing Personnel2.4 Federal Standards:9A-A-59230 Fluid, Magnetic Particle Inspection, SuspensionFED-STD 313 Material Safety Data Sheets Preparation andthe Submission of2.5 OSHA Document:1029CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication2.6 AIA Documents:NAS 410 Nondestruct
33、ive Testing Personnel Qualificationand Certification3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in the practice, refer toTerminology E 13164. Summary of Guide4.1 PrincipleThe magnetic particle method is based onthe principle that magnetic field lines when present in aferromagnetic material, will
34、 be distorted by a change inmaterial continuity, such as a sharp dimensional change or adiscontinuity. If the discontinuity is open to or close to thesurface of a magnetized material, flux lines will be distorted atthe surface, a condition termed as “flux leakage.” When finemagnetic particles are di
35、stributed over the area of the discon-tinuity while the flux leakage exists, they will be held in placeand the accumulation of particles will be visible under theproper lighting conditions. While there are variations in themagnetic particle method, they all are dependent on thisprinciple, that magne
36、tic particles will be retained at thelocations of magnetic flux leakage.4.2 MethodWhile this practice permits and describesmany variables in equipment, materials, and procedures, thereare three steps essential to the method:4.2.1 The part must be magnetized.4.2.2 Magnetic particles of the type desig
37、nated in thecontract/purchase order/specification must be applied while thepart is magnetized.4.2.3 Any accumulation of magnetic particles must beobserved, interpreted, and evaluated.4.3 Magnetization:4.3.1 Ways to MagnetizeA ferromagnetic material can bemagnetized either by passing an electric curr
38、ent through thematerial or by placing the material within a magnetic fieldoriginated by an external source. The entire mass or a portionof the mass can be magnetized as dictated by size andequipment capacity or need. As previously noted, the discon-tinuity must interrupt the normal path of the magne
39、tic fieldlines. If a discontinuity is open to the surface, the flux leakagewill be at the maximum for that particular discontinuity. Whenthat same discontinuity is below the surface, flux leakageevident on the surface will be less. Practically, discontinuitiesmust be open to the surface, to create s
40、ufficient flux leakage toaccumulate magnetic particles.4.3.2 Field DirectionIf a discontinuity is oriented parallelto the magnetic field lines, it may be essentially undetectable.Therefore, since discontinuities may occur in any orientation, itmay be necessary to magnetize the part or area of intere
41、st twiceor more sequentially in different directions by the same methodor a combination of methods (see Section 13) to inducemagnetic field lines in a suitable direction in order to performan adequate examination.4.3.3 Field StrengthThe magnetic field must be of suffi-cient strength to indicate thos
42、e discontinuities which areunacceptable, yet must not be so strong that an excess ofparticles is accumulated locally thereby masking relevantindications (see Section 14).4.4 Types of Magnetic Particles and Their UseThere arevarious types of magnetic particles available for use in mag-netic particle
43、examination. They are available as dry powders(fluorescent and nonfluorescent) ready for use as supplied (see8.4), powder concentrates (fluorescent and nonfluorescent) fordispersion in water or suspending light petroleum distillates(see 8.5), magnetic slurries/paints (see 8.5.7), and magneticpolymer
44、 dispersions (see 8.5.8).4.5 Evaluation of IndicationsWhen the material to beexamined has been properly magnetized, the magnetic particleshave been properly applied, and the excess particles properlyremoved, there will be accumulations of magnetic particles atthe points of flux leakage. These accumu
45、lations show the8Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 1711 ArlingatePlaza, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.9Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.10Available from Occupational S
46、afety and Health Review Commission, 1825 KStreet, N.W., Washington, DC 20006.E709013distortion of the magnetic field and are called indications.Without disturbing the particles, the indications must beexamined, classified, interpreted as to cause, compared withthe acceptance standards, and a decisio
47、n made concerning thedisposition of the material that contains the indication.4.6 Typical Magnetic Particle Indications:4.6.1 Surface DiscontinuitiesSurface discontinuities, withfew exceptions, produce sharp, distinct patterns (see AnnexA1).4.6.2 Near-surface discontinuitiesNear-surface disconti-nui
48、ties produce less distinct indications than those open to thesurface. The patterns are broad, rather than sharp, and theparticles are less tightly held (see Annex A1).5. Significance and Use5.1 The magnetic particle method of nondestructive exami-nation indicates the presence of surface and near-sur
49、facediscontinuities in materials that can be magnetized (ferromag-netic). This method can be used for production examination ofparts/components or structures and for field applications whereportability of equipment and accessibility to the area to beexamined are factors. The ability of the method to find smalldiscontinuities can be enhanced by using fluorescent particlessuspended in a suitable vehicle and by introducing a magneticfield of the proper strength whose orientation is as close aspossible to 90 to the direction of the suspected discontinuity(see 4.3.2). Making t
