1、Designation: E740/E740M 03 (Reapproved 2010)2Standard Practice forFracture Testing with Surface-Crack Tension Specimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E740/E740M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEThe units statement (1.6) and the designation were editorially revised in January 2011.2NOTE3.1.2 was editoriall
3、y revised in May 2013.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the design, preparation, and testingof surface-crack tension (SCT) specimens. It relates specifi-cally to testing under continuously increasing force and ex-cludes cyclic and sustained loadings. The quantity determinedis the residual strength of
4、 a specimen having a semielliptical orcircular-segment fatigue crack in one surface. This valuedepends on the crack dimensions and the specimen thickness aswell as the characteristics of the material.1.2 Metallic materials that can be tested are not limited bystrength, thickness, or toughness. Howev
5、er, tests of thickspecimens of tough materials may require a tension testmachine of extremely high capacity. The applicability of thispractice to nonmetallic materials has not been determined.1.3 This practice is limited to specimens having a uniformrectangular cross section in the test section. The
6、 test sectionwidth and length must be large with respect to the crack length.Crack depth and length should be chosen to suit the ultimatepurpose of the test.1.4 Residual strength may depend strongly upon tempera-ture within a certain range depending upon the characteristicsof the material. This prac
7、tice is suitable for tests at anyappropriate temperature.1.5 Residual strength is believed to be relatively insensitiveto loading rate within the range normally used in conventionaltension tests. When very low or very high rates of loading areexpected in service, the effect of loading rate should be
8、investigated using special procedures that are beyond the scopeof this practice.NOTE 1Further information on background and need for this type oftest is given in the report of ASTM Task Group E24.01.05 on Part-Through-Crack Testing (1).21.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare
9、 to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all
10、of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E4 Practices for Force
11、 Verification of Testing MachinesE8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic MaterialsE338 Test Method of Sharp-Notch Tension Testing of High-Strength Sheet Materials (Withdrawn 2010)4E399 Test Method for Linear-Elastic Plane-Strain FractureToughness KIcof Metallic MaterialsE466 Practice for Con
12、ducting Force Controlled ConstantAmplitude Axial Fatigue Tests of Metallic MaterialsE561 Test Method forK-R Curve DeterminationE1823 Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Definitions given in Terminology E1823 are appli-cable to this practice.3.1.2 c
13、rack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), 2vm(L)crackopening displacement resulting from the totaldeformation (elastic plus plastic) measured under force at thelocation on the crack surface that has the largest displacementper unit force.1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E08 on
14、 Fatigue andFracture and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.07 on FractureMechanics.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E740 03. DOI:10.1520/E0740-03R10E02.2The boldface numbers in parenthe
15、ses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM websit
16、e.4The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 2In surface-crack tension (SCT) specimens, CMOD is mea-sured on the specimen surface along the
17、normal bisector of the cracklength.3.1.3 fracture toughnessa generic term for measures ofresistance to extension of a crack. E6163.1.4 original crack size, aoLthe physical crack size atthe start of testing. (E616)3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 crack depth, a Lin surface-cra
18、ck tension (SCT)specimens, the normal distance from the cracked plate surfaceto the point of maximum penetration of the crack front into thematerial. Crack depth is a fraction of the specimen thickness.3.2.1.1 DiscussionIn this practice, crack depth is theoriginal depth aoand the subscript o is ever
19、ywhere implied.3.2.2 crack length, 2c Lin surface-crack tensionspecimens, a distance measured on the specimen surfacebetween the two points at which the crack front intersects thespecimen surface. Crack length is a fraction of specimen width.3.2.2.1 DiscussionIn this practice, crack length is theori
20、ginal length 2coand the subscript o is everywhere implied.3.2.3 residual strength, r(FL2)the maximum value ofthe nominal stress, neglecting the area of the crack, that acracked specimen is capable of sustaining.NOTE 3In surface-crack tension (SCT) specimens, residual strength isthe ratio of the maxi
21、mum load (Pmax) to the product of test section width(W) times thickness (B), Pmax/(BW). It represents the stress at fracturenormal to and remote from the plane of the crack.4. Significance and Use4.1 The surface-crack tension (SCT) test is used to estimatethe load-carrying capacity of simple sheet-
22、or plate-like struc-tural components having a type of flaw likely to occur inservice. The test is also used for research purposes to investi-gate failure mechanisms of cracks under service conditions.4.2 The residual strength of an SCT specimen is a functionof the crack depth and length and the spec
23、imen thickness aswell as the characteristics of the material. This relationship isextremely complex and cannot be completely described orcharacterized at present.4.2.1 The results of the SCT test are suitable for directapplication to design only when the service conditions exactlyparallel the test c
24、onditions. Some methods for further analysisare suggested in Appendix X1.4.3 In order that SCT test data can be comparable andreproducible and can be correlated among laboratories, it isessential that uniform SCT testing practices be established.4.4 The specimen configuration, preparation, and instr
25、u-mentation described in this practice are generally suitable forcyclic- or sustained-force testing as well. However, certainconstraints are peculiar to each of these tests. These are beyondthe scope of this practice but are discussed in Ref. (1).5. Apparatus5.1 The procedure involves testing of spe
26、cimens that havebeen precracked in fatigue. force versus CMOD, if CMOD ismeasured, is recorded autographically or digitally.5.2 Fatigue Precracking ApparatusAxial tension or three-point, four-point, or cantilever bending are all acceptablemodes for fatigue precracking. Fixture design is not critical
27、 aslong as the crack growth is symmetrical and the plane of thecrack remains perpendicular to the specimen face and thetensile force vector. The effect of cyclic frequency is thought tobe negligible below 100 Hz in a nonaggressive environment.NOTE 4Certain crack shapes are more readily produced in a
28、xialtension, others in bending (see Annex A1).5.2.1 Devices and fixtures for cantilever bending of sheetand plate specimens are described in Refs. (2) and (3),respectively. Others may be equally suitable. The axial fatiguemachines described in Practice E466 are suitable for precrack-ing in tension;
29、however, since the precracking operation isterminated prior to specimen failure, one should ensure thatload variations during slowdown or shutdown do not exceedthose desired.5.2.2 A magnifier of about 20 power should be used tomonitor the fatigue precracking process. Ease of observationwill be enhan
30、ced if the cyclic rate can be reduced to about 1 Hzwhen desired. Alternatively, a stroboscopic light synchronizedwith the maximum application of tensile force may serve aswell.5.3 Testing MachineThe test should be conducted with atension testing machine that conforms to the requirements ofPractices
31、E4.5.3.1 The devices for transmitting force to the specimenshall be such that the major axis of the specimen coincides withthe load axis. The pin-and-clevis arrangement described in TestMethod E338 should be suitable for specimens whose width isless than about 4 in. 100 mm. An arrangement such as th
32、atshown in Fig. 2 of Practice E561 should be suitable for widerspecimens.5.3.2 For tests at other than room temperature, the tempera-ture control and temperature measurement requirements ofTestMethod E338 are appropriate.5.4 Displacement Gage (Optional)If used to measureCMOD, the displacement gage o
33、utput should accurately indi-cate the relative displacement of two gage points on thecracked surface, spanning the crack at the midpoint of itslength. Further information on displacement gages appears inAppendix X2.5.5 For some combinations of material and crack geometry,the crack may propagate enti
34、rely through the thickness prior tototal failure. Methods of detecting this occurrence, should it beof interest, are discussed briefly in Ref. (1).6. Test Specimen6.1 Configuration and NotationThe SCT test specimenand the notation used herein are shown in Fig. 1. Grip detailshave been omitted, since
35、 grip design may depend on specimensize (5.3.1) and material toughness. In general, the onlygripping requirements are that the arrangement be strongenough to carry the maximum expected force and that it allowuniform distribution of force over the specimen cross section.6.2 DimensionsThe crack depth
36、and length and specimenthickness should be chosen according to the ultimate purposeE740/E740M 03 (2010)22of the test. Further discussion of this subject may be found inAppendix X3. The specimen width W should be at least 5 timesthe crack length 2c and the specimen test section length Lshould be at l
37、east twice the width W. Should these width andlength dimensions exceed actual service dimensions, the ser-vice dimensions should be used but one should not thenattempt to generalize data from such tests.6.3 Fatigue PrecrackingThe object is to produce at aprescribed location a fatigue crack whose con
38、figuration isregular (that is, a half-ellipse or a segment of a circle), whosedepth and length are close to predetermined target values, andwhose subsequent fracture behavior will not be influenced byany detail of the preparation process. A small slit or crackstarter is machined into the specimen su
39、rface at the center ofthe test section (Fig. 2) to locate and help initiate the fatiguecrack. Regularity of crack configuration is influenced primarilyby fatigue force uniformity, which can be maximized bycareful alignment of force train and fixtures. Materialinhomogeneity, residual stresses, and st
40、arter notch root radiusvariation can produce irregularities which may be beyondcontrol. Fatigue crack size and shape control are discussed inAnnex A1.6.3.1 Crack starters have been produced by a variety ofmethods. The following procedures are known to produceacceptable results.6.3.1.1 The crack star
41、ter should be machined, either byslitting with a thin jewelers circular saw or similar cutter or byelectrical discharge machining (EDM) with a thin, shapedelectrode.6.3.1.2 The crack starter plane should be perpendicular tothe specimen face and the tensile force vector within 10.6.3.1.3 The starter
42、notch root radius should be less than0.010 in. 0.25 mm.6.3.1.4 The crack starter length and depth should be chosenwith the desired crack dimensions and the requirements of6.3.2.2 in mind.6.3.2 The following procedures should ensure the produc-tion of an effective sharp fatigue crack.6.3.2.1 Fatigue
43、crack with the specimen in the heat treat-ment condition in which it is to be tested, if at all possible.6.3.2.2 Whenever it is physically possible, the crack shouldbe extended at least 0.05 in. 1.3 mm; in any event the fatiguecrack extension must not be less than 5 % of the final crackdepth, and th
44、e crack and its starter must lie entirely within animaginary 30 wedge whose apex is at the crack tip. Thesetwo-dimensional descriptions shall apply around the entirecrack front, that is, in all planes normal to tangents to all pointson the crack periphery (Fig. 2).FIG. 1 Typical Surface-Crack Specim
45、en (Grip Details Omitted)and NomenclatureNOTE 1Section A-A refers to the plane normal to any tangent to the crack periphery and containing the point of tangency.FIG. 2 Fatigue Crack and Starter DetailsE740/E740M 03 (2010)236.3.2.3 The ratio of minimum to maximum cyclic stress, R,should not be greate
46、r than 0.1.6.3.2.4 For at least the final 2.5 % of the total crack depth,the ratio Kmax/E should not exceed 0.002 in.1/20.00032 m1/2,where Kmaxis the maximum stress intensity factor duringfatigue cracking and E is the materials elastic modulus. Anestimate of Kmaxcan be computed based on the cyclic s
47、tressand the target crack dimensions using the appropriate equationfrom Annex A2. Compute Kmaxat the surface or at the deepestpoint, whichever is greater.7. Procedure7.1 Number of TestsIf only one crack geometry (that is,fixed crack depth and length) is to be studied, at least threespecimens should
48、be tested. If geometry is to be varied, at leasttwo specimens should be tested for each combination ofdepth-to-length (a/2c) and depth-to-thickness (a/B) ratios.7.2 Specimen MeasurementsMeasure the specimen thick-ness B at the points midway between each crack tip and thenearest specimen edge, to the
49、 nearest 0.001 in. 0.025 mm or0.1 %, whichever is larger. If these measurements are notwithin 3 % of their average, the specimen should be discardedor remachined as appropriate. Measure the specimen width Wat the crack plane to within 1 % of W.7.3 TestingConduct the test in a manner similar to that foran ordinary tension specimen. The test loading rate shall besuch that the rate of increase of the nominal stress P/BW is lessthan 100 000 psi 690 MPa/min. Record the maximum force,Pmax, reached during the test.7.4 Test RecordIf C
