1、Designation: E772 11Standard Terminology ofSolar Energy Conversion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E772; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology pertains to the conversion of solarenergy into other forms of energy by various means, includingthermal absorption (i.e., solar thermal) and the ph
3、otovoltaiceffect (i.e., photovoltaics).1.2 This terminology also pertains to instrumentation usedto measure solar radiation.1.3 This terminology also pertains to glass for solar energyapplications.1.4 Fundamental terms associated with electromagnetic ra-diation that are indicates as derived units in
4、 Standard SI 10 arenot repeated in this terminology.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsC1048 Specification for Heat-Treated
5、Flat GlassKind HS,Kind FT Coated and Uncoated GlassC1651 Test Method for Measurement of Roll Wave OpticalDistortion in Heat-Treated Flat GlassD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Depositsby Chemical MicroscopyD4865
6、 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of StaticElectricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5544 Test Method for On-Line Measurement of ResidueAfter Evaporation of High-Purity WaterD7236 Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup Tester (Ramp Method)E349 Terminology Relating to Space SimulationE4
7、90 Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass SolarSpectral Irradiance TablesE491 Practice for Solar Simulation for Thermal BalanceTesting of SpacecraftE927 Specification for Solar Simulation for PhotovoltaicTestingE816 Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers byComparison to Reference Pyrheliom
8、etersE1021 Test Method for Spectral Responsivity Measure-ments of Photovoltaic DevicesE1036 Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Noncon-centrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and ArraysUsing Reference CellsE1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovolta
9、ic Reference Cells Us-ing a Tabular SpectrumE1171 Test Methods for Photovoltaic Modules in CyclicTemperature and Humidity EnvironmentsE1362 Test Method for Calibration of Non-ConcentratorPhotovoltaic Secondary Reference CellsE1462 Test Methods for Insulation Integrity and GroundPath Continuity of Ph
10、otovoltaic ModulesE2236 Test Methods for Measurement of Electrical Perfor-mance and Spectral Response of Nonconcentrator Multi-junction Photovoltaic Cells and ModulesE2527 Test Method for Electrical Performance of Concen-trator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Systems UnderNatural SunlightF1863
11、Test Method for Measuring the NightVision Goggle-Weighted Transmissivity of Transparent PartsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural andArtificialWeath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG130 Test Method for Calibration of Narrow- and Broad-Band Ultraviolet Radiometers Using a SpectroradiometerG138 Te
12、st Method for Calibration of a SpectroradiometerUsing a Standard Source of IrradianceG167 Test Method for Calibration of a Pyranometer Usinga Pyrheliometer1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and OtherAlternative Energy Sources and is the direct respo
13、nsibility ofSubcommittee E44.09 on Photovoltaic Electric Power Conversion.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E772 05. DOI:10.1520/E0772-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.a
14、stm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.G173 Ta
15、bles for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances: Di-rect Normal and Hemispherical on 37 Tilted SurfaceG197 Table for Reference Solar Spectral Distributions:Direct and Diffuse on 20 Tilted and Vertical SurfacesSI 10 IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard forMetric Practice2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 9060
16、 Specification and Classification of Instrumentsfor Measuring Hemispherical Solar and Direct SolarRadiaiton2.3 WMO Document:4WMO-No. 8 Guide to Meteorological Instruments andMethods of Observation, Seventh ed., 2008, World Me-teorological Organization (WMO), Geneva3. Adjectives for Electromagnetic R
17、adiation3.1 Properties and quantities associated with electromag-netic radiation vary with:3.1.1 The direction and geometric extent (solid angle) overwhich the incident or exitant flux, or both, is evaluated, and3.1.2 The relative spectral distribution of the incident fluxand the spectral response o
18、f the detector for exitant flux.3.2 Adjective modifiers can be used to indicate the geomet-ric, spectral, and polarization conditions under which radio-metric properties and quantities are evaluated. The adjectivesdefined in this Terminology are: conical, diffuse, direct,directional, hemispherical,
19、luminous, normal, and spectral.3.3 For reflectance and transmittance, the direction andgeometric extent of both the incident beam and exitant beammust be specified.3.4 For emittance, only the exitant beam need be specified,and for absorptance, only the incident beam need be specified.3.5 Radiometric
20、 properties also vary with the polarization ofthe incident flux and the sensitivity to polarization of thecollector-detector system for flux incident or exitant at anglesgreater than about 15 from normal.3.6 An instrument used for solar energy measurements or asolar energy receiver will usually dete
21、rmine the directions andgeometric extents, such as a pyranometer, a pyrheliometer, ora flat-plate solar thermal collector.4. TerminologyELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND OPTICSabsorptance, nratio of the absorbed radiant or luminous fluxto the incident flux. E349absorption, ntransformation of radiant ene
22、rgy to a differentform of energy by interaction with matter. E349aerosol, nany solid or liquid particles, with a nominal sizerange from 10 nm to 100 m, suspended in a gas (usuallyair). D5544aerosol optical depth, AOD, na measure of the extinctioncaused by aerosols in the atmosphere relative to the z
23、enithand modeled with ngstroms turbidity formula.DISCUSSIONAlthough it varies with wavelength, it is common toreport aerosol optical depth at a single wavelength only, especially 0.5m.air mass, AM, nrelative optical mass (see optical mass,relative) calculated using the density of air as a function o
24、faltitude.AM ls/ lz5 secuz, for uz#1 rad 60! (1)DISCUSSIONEq 1 is a simple approximation of the optical mass,relative (see Eq 5) that uses the ratio of the path length along the sunvector (ls) to the path length along the zenith (lz) (see sun vector,zenith, and zenith angle, solar). Other solutions
25、are more complicatedand take factors such as refraction and local air pressure into account.DISCUSSIONThe abbreviation AM is also commonly used to refer toa particular standard solar spectral irradiance, such as those in StandardE490, Tables G173, and Table G197. Thus, AM0 can indicate theextraterre
26、strial spectral irradiance table in Standard E490, and AM1.5the hemispherical spectral irradiance table in Tables G173. UsingAM1.5 in this way is discouraged because air mass is but one of manyvariables that modify solar spectral irradiance such as clouds, aerosolscattering, and water vapor absorpti
27、on; note that both Tables G173 andTable G197 use an air mass value of 1.5, but differ greatly. Thedistinction between a spectral irradiance and a path length ratio shouldbe made clear whenever these abbreviations are used.air mass one, AM1, na relative optical mass (see opticalmass, relative) that i
28、s equal to one. Because of the way inwhich relative optical mass is defined, AM1 always denotesa vertical path at sea level.air mass, opticalsee optical mass, relative.air mass, pressure corrected, AMp, nan approximation ofair mass for locations above sea level that uses the ratio ofthe local barome
29、tric pressure P, to the standard sea levelatmospheric pressure P0= 101.325 kPa (see Eq 2).AMp PP0AM (2)air mass ratiosee optical mass, relative.air mass, relative opticalsee optical mass, relative.air mass zero, AM0, nthe absence of atmospheric attenua-tion of the solar irradiance at one astronomica
30、l unit from thesun. E491albedodiscouraged in favor of the preferred term, reflec-tance.angle of incidence, rad or , nthe angle between a ray andthe normal vector to the plane on which the ray is incident;especially the angle between the sun vector and the normalvector.angle of reflection, rad or , n
31、the angle between thedirection of propagation of a reflected ray and the normalvector to the surface of interest at the point of reflection.angle of refraction, rad or , nthe angle between thedirection of propagation of a refracted ray and the normalvector to the interface of interest at the point o
32、f refraction.altitude angle, solarsee elevation angle, solar.attenuationsee extinction.azimuth angle, solar, crad or , nthe angle between theline of longitude (or geographical meridian) at the locationof interest and the horizontal component of the sun vector.By convention, the azimuth angle is posi
33、tive when the sun iseast of the line of longitude and negative when it is west ofthe line of longitude.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.4Available from World Meteorological Organiza
34、tion, http:/www.wmo.int.E772 112beam, nof radiant energy, a collection of rays confined to aspecific path.blackbody, Planckian radiator, na thermal radiator whichcompletely absorbs all incident radiation, whatever thewavelength, the direction of incidence, or the polarization.This radiator has, for
35、any wavelength, the maximum spectralconcentration of radiant exitance at a given temperature.E491Bouguers Law, nan expression of the extinction of radia-tion in a medium that states the intensity exponentiallydecreases due to both scattering and absorption as it passesthrough the medium (see Eq 3),
36、where tlis the wavelength-dependent extinction optical thickness. The ratio of I to I0is equal to the atmospheric transmittance, T, and tlis equalto the summation of the extinction optical thicknessesassociated with each individual scattering or absorptionprocess til.I 5 I0exptl! 5 I0exp(i51ntil! (3
37、)DISCUSSIONBouguers Law is also known as Lamberts Law orBeers Law.circumsolar diffuse radiationsee radiant energy, circumso-lar.conical, adjdescribing a solid angle larger than an infinitesi-mal element and less than a hemisphere (2p sr); thegeometry of the solid angle must be described in context.d
38、iffuse, adjdescribing radiometric quantities, indicates fluxpropagating in many directions, as opposed to a collimatedbeam.diffuse, adjdescribing solar irradiance, the global hemi-spherical irradiance minus the direct beam irradiance.diffuse, adjdescribing reflectance, the directional hemi-spherical
39、 reflectance minus the specular reflectance.DISCUSSIONDiffuse has been used in the past to refer to hemispheri-cal collection (including the specular component) or irradiation, withequal radiance for all directions over a hemisphere. This use isdeprecated in favor of the more precise term hemispheri
40、cal.diffusion, nchange of the spatial distribution of a beam ofradiation when it is deviated in many directions by a surfaceor a medium. E349direct, adjdescribing solar radiation, a collimated beam.directional, adjof or relating to a direction in space.DISCUSSIONFor optical properties, over an infin
41、itesimal solid angle,the property is assumed constant. The variation in optical property withrespect to changing azimuth (counter-clockwise) and incidence angle(from the surface normal), with respect to a reference mark on asample, is the directional response.elevation angle, solar, a rad or , nthe
42、complement of thesolar zenith angle, i.e. p/2 uzradians. See zenith angle,solar.emission, nrelease of radiant energy. E349emissive powerdiscouraged in favor of the preferred termradiant exitance.emittance, , n for a sample at a given temperature, ratio ofthe radiant flux emitted by a sample to that
43、emitted by ablackbody radiator at the same temperature, under the samespectral and geometric conditions of measurement.extinction, nthe attenuation of radiant energy from anincident beam by the processes of molecular absorption andscattering caused by atmospheric constituents.DISCUSSIONScattering by
44、 air molecules can be modeled withRayleigh scattering, and scattering by aerosols with ngstromsturbidity formula. Absorption processes are modeled with tables ofmeasured absorption coefficients versus wavelength.extinction coefficient, monochromatic, kildimensionless,na measure of the extinction cau
45、sed by a particularatmospheric constituent (see Bouguers Law and extinctionoptical thickness, monochromatic).extinction optical depth, monochromatic, dimensionless,nthe product of the extinction coefficient kilfor aparticular atmospheric constituent times the path length tothe top of the atmosphere,
46、 mr, see extinction opticalthickness, monochromatic and optical mass, relative.DISCUSSIONOptical depth is sometimes used synonymously withoptical thickness, but the preferred distinction between the two is thatoptical thickness refers to the extinction along the entire path throughthe atmosphere rat
47、her than the vertical path.extinction optical thickness, monochromatic,tildimensionless, nthe product of the extinction coeffi-cient kilfor a particular atmospheric constituent times thepath length through atmosphere, see Bouguers Law and Eq4, in which mactis the optical mass, actual.til5 kilmact(4)
48、hemispherical, adjdescribing half of a sphere, i.e. a 2p srsolid angle.incident anglesee angle of incidence.index of refraction, nthe numerical expression of the ratioof the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light ina substance. D1245infrared radiation, nradiation for which the wavele
49、ngths ofthe monochromatic components are greater than those forvisible radiation, and less than about 1 mm. E349irradiance, E Wm2, nat a point on a surface, radiant fluxincident per unit area of the surface; the derived unit heatflux density, irradiance in Standard SI 10.irradiance, spectral, Elor E(l)Wm2nm1or Wm2m1,nthe irradiation at a specific wavelength over a narowbandwidth, or as a function of wavelength; also, the deriva-tive with respect to wavelength of irradiance
