1、Designation: E772 11E772 13Standard Terminology ofSolar Energy Conversion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E772; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology pertains to the conversion of solar energy into other forms of energy by various means, including thermalabsorption (i.e., solar thermal) an
3、d the photovoltaic effect (i.e., photovoltaics).1.2 This terminology also pertains to instrumentation used to measure solar radiation.1.3 This terminology also pertains to glass for solar energy applications.1.4 Fundamental terms associated with electromagnetic radiation that are indicates as derive
4、d units in Standard IEEE/ASTMSI 10 are not repeated in this terminology.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsC1048 Specifica
5、tion for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat GlassC1651 Test Method for Measurement of Roll Wave Optical Distortion in Heat-Treated Flat GlassD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent PlasticsD1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Deposits by Chemical Microsc
6、opyD4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5544 Test Method for On-Line Measurement of Residue After Evaporation of High-Purity WaterD7236 Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Cup Tester (Ramp Method)E349 Terminology Relating to Space S
7、imulationE490 Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance TablesE491 Practice for Solar Simulation for Thermal Balance Testing of SpacecraftE927 Specification for Solar Simulation for Photovoltaic TestingE948 Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovoltaic Cells Using
8、Reference Cells Under Simulated SunlightE816 Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference PyrheliometersE1021 Test Method for Spectral Responsivity Measurements of Photovoltaic DevicesE1036 Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Nonconcentrator Terrestrial Photovoltai
9、c Modules and Arrays UsingReference CellsE1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a TabularSpectrumE1171 Test Methods for Photovoltaic Modules in Cyclic Temperature and Humidity EnvironmentsE1362 Test Method for Calibration of Non-C
10、oncentrator Photovoltaic Secondary Reference CellsE1462 Test Methods for Insulation Integrity and Ground Path Continuity of Photovoltaic ModulesE2236 Test Methods for Measurement of Electrical Performance and Spectral Response of Nonconcentrator MultijunctionPhotovoltaic Cells and ModulesE2527 Test
11、Method for Electrical Performance of Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Systems Under NaturalSunlight1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.01 on T
12、erminology and Editorial.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011Sept. 1, 2013. Published November 2011September 2013. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20052011as E772 05.E772 11. DOI: 10.1520/E0772-11.10.1520/E0772-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website
13、, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication o
14、f what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considere
15、d the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1F1863 Test Method for Measuring the Night Vision Goggle-Weighted Transmissivity of Transparent PartsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weathering
16、 Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG130 Test Method for Calibration of Narrow- and Broad-Band Ultraviolet Radiometers Using a SpectroradiometerG138 Test Method for Calibration of a Spectroradiometer Using a Standard Source of IrradianceG167 Test Method for Calibration of a Pyranometer Using a Pyrheliome
17、terG173 Tables for Reference Solar Spectral Irradiances: Direct Normal and Hemispherical on 37 Tilted SurfaceG197 Table for Reference Solar Spectral Distributions: Direct and Diffuse on 20 Tilted and Vertical SurfacesIEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metric Practice2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO
18、 9060 Specification and Classification of Instruments for Measuring Hemispherical Solar and Direct Solar Radiaiton2.3 WMO Document:4WMO-No. 8 Guide to Meteorological Instruments and Methods of Observation, Seventh ed., 2008, World MeteorologicalOrganization (WMO), Geneva3. Adjectives for Electromagn
19、etic Radiation3.1 Properties and quantities associated with electromagnetic radiation vary with:3.1.1 The direction and geometric extent (solid angle) over which the incident or exitant flux, or both, is evaluated, and3.1.2 The relative spectral distribution of the incident flux and the spectral res
20、ponse of the detector for exitant flux.3.2 Adjective modifiers can be used to indicate the geometric, spectral, and polarization conditions under which radiometricproperties and quantities are evaluated. The adjectives defined in this Terminology are: conical, diffuse, direct, directional,hemispheri
21、cal, luminous, normal, and spectral.3.3 For reflectance and transmittance, the direction and geometric extent of both the incident beam and exitant beam must bespecified.3.4 For emittance, only the exitant beam need be specified, and for absorptance, only the incident beam need be specified.3.5 Radi
22、ometric properties also vary with the polarization of the incident flux and the sensitivity to polarization of thecollector-detector system for flux incident or exitant at angles greater than about 15 from normal.3.6 An instrument used for solar energy measurements or a solar energy receiver will us
23、ually determine the directions andgeometric extents, such as a pyranometer, a pyrheliometer, or a flat-plate solar thermal collector.4. TerminologyELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND OPTICSabsorptance, nratio of the absorbed radiant or luminous flux to the incident flux. E349absorption, ntransformation of
24、 radiant energy to a different form of energy by interaction with matter. E349aerosol, nany solid or liquid particles, with a nominal size range from 10 nm to 100 m, suspended in a gas (usually air). D5544aerosol optical depth, AOD,na measure of the extinction caused by aerosols in the atmosphere re
25、lative to the zenith andmodeled with ngstroms turbidity formula.DISCUSSIONAlthough it varies with wavelength, it is common to report aerosol optical depth at a single wavelength only, especially 0.5 m.air mass, AM,nrelative optical mass (see optical mass, relative) calculated using the density of ai
26、r as a function of altitude.AMls/lz 5secz,for z#1rad 60! (1)DISCUSSIONEq 1 is a simple approximation of the optical mass, relative (see Eq 5) that uses the ratio of the path length along the sun vector (ls) to the path lengthalong the zenith (lz) (see sun vector, zenith, and zenith angle, solar). Ot
27、her solutions are more complicated and take factors such as refraction andlocal air pressure into account.DISCUSSION3 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.4 Available from World Meteoro
28、logical Organization, http:/www.wmo.int.E772 132The abbreviation AM is also commonly used to refer to a particular standard solar spectral irradiance, such as those in Standard E490, Tables G173,and Table G197. Thus, AM0 can indicate the extraterrestrial spectral irradiance table in Standard E490, a
29、nd AM1.5 the hemispherical spectralirradiance table in Tables G173. Using AM1.5 in this way is discouraged because air mass is but one of many variables that modify solar spectralirradiance such as clouds, aerosol scattering, and water vapor absorption; note that both Tables G173 and Table G197 use
30、an air mass value of 1.5,but differ greatly. The distinction between a spectral irradiance and a path length ratio should be made clear whenever these abbreviations are used.airmass one, AM1,na relative optical mass (see optical mass, relative) that is equal to one. Because of the way in which relat
31、iveoptical mass is defined, AM1 always denotes a vertical path at sea level.air mass, opticalsee optical mass, relative.air mass, pressure corrected, AMp,nan approximation of air mass for locations above sea level that uses the ratio of the localbarometric pressure P, to the standard sea level atmos
32、pheric pressure P0 = 101.325 kPa (see Eq 2).AMpPP0AM (2)air mass ratiosee optical mass, relative.air mass, relative opticalsee optical mass, relative.air mass zero, AM0,nthe absence of atmospheric attenuation of the solar irradiance at one astronomical unit from the sun. E491albedodiscouraged in fav
33、or of the preferred term, reflectance.angle of incidence, rad or ,nthe angle between a ray and the normal vector to the plane on which the ray is incident; especiallythe angle between the sun vector and the normal vector.angle of reflection, rad or ,nthe angle between the direction of propagation of
34、 a reflected ray and the normal vector to thesurface of interest at the point of reflection.angle of refraction, rad or ,nthe angle between the direction of propagation of a refracted ray and the normal vector to theinterface of interest at the point of refraction.altitude angle, solarsee elevation
35、angle, solar.attenuationsee extinction.azimuth angle, solar, rad or ,nthe angle between the line of longitude (or geographical meridian) at the location of interestand the horizontal component of the sun vector. By convention, the azimuth angle is positive when the sun is east of the lineof longitud
36、e and negative when it is west of the line of longitude.beam, nof radiant energy, a collection of rays confined to a specific path.blackbody, Planckian radiator, na thermal radiator which completely absorbs all incident radiation, whatever the wavelength,the direction of incidence, or the polarizati
37、on. This radiator has, for any wavelength, the maximum spectral concentration ofradiant exitance at a given temperature. E491Bouguers Law, nan expression of the extinction of radiation in a medium that states the intensity exponentially decreases dueto both scattering and absorption as it passes thr
38、ough the medium (see Eq 3), where is the wavelengthdependent extinctionoptical thickness. The ratio of I to I0 is equal to the atmospheric transmittance, T, and is equal to the summation of theextinction optical thicknesses associated with each individual scattering or absorption process i.I 5I0exp2
39、!5I0expS2(i51niD (3)DISCUSSIONBouguers Law is also known as Lamberts Law or Beers Law.circumsolar diffuse radiationsee radiant energy, circumsolar.conical, adjdescribing a solid angle larger than an infinitesimal element and less than a hemisphere (2pi sr); the geometry of thesolid angle must be des
40、cribed in context.diffuse, adjdescribing radiometric quantities, indicates flux propagating in many directions, as opposed to a collimated beam.diffuse, adjdescribing solar irradiance, the global hemispherical irradiance minus the direct beam irradiance.diffuse, adjdescribing reflectance, the direct
41、ional hemispherical reflectance minus the specular reflectance.E772 133DISCUSSIONDiffuse has been used in the past to refer to hemispherical collection (including the specular component) or irradiation, with equal radiance for alldirections over a hemisphere. This use is deprecated in favor of the m
42、ore precise term hemispherical.diffusion, nchange of the spatial distribution of a beam of radiation when it is deviated in many directions by a surface or amedium. E349direct, adjdescribing solar radiation, a collimated beam.directional, adjof or relating to a direction in space.DISCUSSIONFor optic
43、al properties, over an infinitesimal solid angle, the property is assumed constant. The variation in optical property with respect to changingazimuth (counter-clockwise) and incidence angle (from the surface normal), with respect to a reference mark on a sample, is the directional response.elevation
44、 angle, solar, rad or ,nthe complement of the solar zenith angle, i.e. pi/2 z radians. See zenith angle, solar.emission, nrelease of radiant energy. E349emissive powerdiscouraged in favor of the preferred term radiant exitance.emittance, ,n for a sample at a given temperature, ratio of the radiant f
45、lux emitted by a sample to that emitted by a blackbodyradiator at the same temperature, under the same spectral and geometric conditions of measurement.extinction, nthe attenuation of radiant energy from an incident beam by the processes of molecular absorption and scatteringcaused by atmospheric co
46、nstituents.DISCUSSIONScattering by air molecules can be modeled with Rayleigh scattering, and scattering by aerosols with ngstroms turbidity formula. Absorptionprocesses are modeled with tables of measured absorption coefficients versus wavelength.extinction coefficient, monochromatic, kidimensionle
47、ss,na measure of the extinction caused by a particular atmosphericconstituent (see Bouguers Law and extinction optical thickness, monochromatic).extinction optical depth, monochromatic, dimensionless,nthe product of the extinction coefficient ki for a particularatmospheric constituent times the path
48、 length to the top of the atmosphere, mr, see extinction optical thickness,monochromatic and optical mass, relative.DISCUSSIONOptical depth is sometimes used synonymously with optical thickness, but the preferred distinction between the two is that optical thickness refers tothe extinction along the
49、 entire path through the atmosphere rather than the vertical path.extinction optical thickness, monochromatic, i dimensionless,nthe product of the extinction coefficient ki for a particularatmospheric constituent times the path length through atmosphere, see Bouguers Law and Eq 4, in which mact is the opticalmass, actual.i5kimact (4)hemispherical, adjdescribing half of a sphere, i.e. a 2pi sr solid angle.incident anglesee angle of incidence.index of refraction, nt
