1、Designation: E772 15Standard Terminology ofSolar Energy Conversion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E772; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicat
2、es the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology pertains to the conversion of solarenergy into other forms of energy by various means, includingthermal absorption (i.e., solar thermal) and the ph
3、otovoltaiceffect (i.e., photovoltaics).1.2 This terminology also pertains to instrumentation usedto measure solar radiation.1.3 This terminology also pertains to glass for solar energyapplications.1.4 Fundamental terms associated with electromagnetic ra-diation that are indicates as derived units in
4、 Standard IEEE/ASTM SI 10 are not repeated in this terminology.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass ProductsC1048 Specification for He
5、at-Strengthened and Fully Tem-pered Flat GlassC1651 Test Method for Measurement of Roll Wave OpticalDistortion in Heat-Treated Flat GlassD1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittanceof Transparent PlasticsD1245 Practice for Examination of Water-Formed Depositsby Chemical MicroscopyD4865 Guid
6、e for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-tricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5544 Test Method for On-Line Measurement of ResidueAfter Evaporation of High-Purity WaterD7236 Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale ClosedCup Tester (Ramp Method)E349 Terminology Relating to Space SimulationE490
7、Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass SolarSpectral Irradiance TablesE491 Practice for Solar Simulation for Thermal BalanceTesting of SpacecraftE927 Specification for Solar Simulation for PhotovoltaicTestingE948 Test Method for Electrical Performance of Photovol-taic Cells Using Reference Cells
8、Under Simulated Sun-lightE816 Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers byComparison to Reference PyrheliometersE1021 Test Method for Spectral Responsivity Measurementsof Photovoltaic DevicesE1036 Test Methods for Electrical Performance of Noncon-centrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Ar
9、raysUsing Reference CellsE1125 Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Us-ing a Tabular SpectrumE1171 Test Methods for Photovoltaic Modules in CyclicTemperature and Humidity EnvironmentsE1362 Test Method for Calibration of Non-ConcentratorPhot
10、ovoltaic Secondary Reference CellsE1462 Test Methods for Insulation Integrity and GroundPath Continuity of Photovoltaic ModulesE2236 Test Methods for Measurement of Electrical Perfor-mance and Spectral Response of Nonconcentrator Multi-junction Photovoltaic Cells and ModulesE2527 Test Method for Ele
11、ctrical Performance of Concen-trator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Systems Un-der Natural SunlightF1863 Test Method for Measuring the Night Vision Goggle-Weighted Transmissivity of Transparent PartsG113 Terminology Relating to Natural and Artificial Weath-ering Tests of Nonmetallic MaterialsG
12、130 Test Method for Calibration of Narrow- and Broad-Band Ultraviolet Radiometers Using a SpectroradiometerG138 Test Method for Calibration of a SpectroradiometerUsing a Standard Source of IrradianceG167 Test Method for Calibration of a Pyranometer Using aPyrheliometerG173 Tables for Reference Solar
13、 Spectral Irradiances: DirectNormal and Hemispherical on 37 Tilted Surface1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and OtherAlternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.01 on Terminology and Editorial.Current edition appr
14、oved Feb. 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E772 13. DOI:10.1520/E0772-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volu
15、me information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1G197 Table for Reference Solar Spectral Distributions: Di-rect and Diffuse on 20 Tilted and Vertical Surfa
16、cesIEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for MetricPractice2.2 ISO Standard:3ISO 9060 Specification and Classification of Instruments forMeasuring Hemispherical Solar and Direct Solar Radiai-ton2.3 WMO Document:4WMO-No. 8 Guide to Meteorological Instruments andMethods of Observation, Seventh ed
17、., 2008, World Me-teorological Organization (WMO), Geneva3. Adjectives for Electromagnetic Radiation3.1 Properties and quantities associated with electromag-netic radiation vary with:3.1.1 The direction and geometric extent (solid angle) overwhich the incident or exitant flux, or both, is evaluated,
18、 and3.1.2 The relative spectral distribution of the incident fluxand the spectral response of the detector for exitant flux.3.2 Adjective modifiers can be used to indicate thegeometric, spectral, and polarization conditions under whichradiometric properties and quantities are evaluated. The adjec-ti
19、ves defined in this Terminology are: conical, diffuse, direct,directional, hemispherical, luminous, normal, and spectral.3.3 For reflectance and transmittance, the direction andgeometric extent of both the incident beam and exitant beammust be specified.3.4 For emittance, only the exitant beam need
20、be specified,and for absorptance, only the incident beam need be specified.3.5 Radiometric properties also vary with the polarization ofthe incident flux and the sensitivity to polarization of thecollector-detector system for flux incident or exitant at anglesgreater than about 15 from normal.3.6 An
21、 instrument used for solar energy measurements or asolar energy receiver will usually determine the directions andgeometric extents, such as a pyranometer, a pyrheliometer, ora flat-plate solar thermal collector.4. TerminologyELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND OPTICSabsorptance, nratio of the absorbed ra
22、diant or luminous fluxto the incident flux. E349absorption, ntransformation of radiant energy to a differentform of energy by interaction with matter. E349aerosol, nany solid or liquid particles, with a nominal sizerange from 10 nm to 100 m, suspended in a gas (usuallyair). D5544aerosol optical dept
23、h, AOD, na measure of the extinctioncaused by aerosols in the atmosphere relative to the zenithand modeled with ngstroms turbidity formula.DISCUSSIONAlthough it varies with wavelength, it is common toreport aerosol optical depth at a single wavelength only, especially 0.5m.air mass, AM, nrelative op
24、tical mass (see optical mass,relative) calculated using the density of air as a function ofaltitude.AMls/lz5 secz, for z#1 rad 60! (1)DISCUSSIONEq 1 is a simple approximation of the optical mass,relative (see Eq 5) that uses the ratio of the path length along the sunvector (ls) to the path length al
25、ong the zenith (lz) (see sun vector,zenith, and zenith angle, solar). Other solutions are more complicatedand take factors such as refraction and local air pressure into account.DISCUSSIONThe abbreviation AM is also commonly used to refer toa particular standard solar spectral irradiance, such as th
26、ose in StandardE490, Tables G173, and Table G197. Thus, AM0 can indicate theextraterrestrial spectral irradiance table in Standard E490, and AM1.5the hemispherical spectral irradiance table in Tables G173. UsingAM1.5 in this way is discouraged because air mass is but one of manyvariables that modify
27、 solar spectral irradiance such as clouds, aerosolscattering, and water vapor absorption; note that both Tables G173 andTable G197 use an air mass value of 1.5, but differ greatly. Thedistinction between a spectral irradiance and a path length ratio shouldbe made clear whenever these abbreviations a
28、re used.air mass one, AM1, na relative optical mass (see opticalmass, relative) that is equal to one. Because of the way inwhich relative optical mass is defined, AM1 always denotesa vertical path at sea level.air mass, opticalsee optical mass, relative.air mass, pressure corrected, AMp, nan approxi
29、mation ofair mass for locations above sea level that uses the ratio ofthe local barometric pressure P, to the standard sea levelatmospheric pressure P0= 101.325 kPa (see Eq 2).AMpPP0AM (2)air mass ratiosee optical mass, relative.air mass, relative opticalsee optical mass, relative.air mass zero, AM0
30、, nthe absence of atmospheric attenua-tion of the solar irradiance at one astronomical unit from thesun. E491albedodiscouraged in favor of the preferred term, reflec-tance.angle of incidence, rad or , nthe angle between a ray andthe normal vector to the plane on which the ray is incident;especially
31、the angle between the sun vector and the normalvector.angle of reflection, rad or , nthe angle between the directionof propagation of a reflected ray and the normal vector to thesurface of interest at the point of reflection.angle of refraction, rad or , nthe angle between thedirection of propagatio
32、n of a refracted ray and the normalvector to the interface of interest at the point of refraction.altitude angle, solarsee elevation angle, solar.attenuationsee extinction.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, CP 56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzer
33、land, http:/www.iso.org.4Available from World Meteorological Organization, http:/www.wmo.int.E772 152azimuth angle, solar, rad or , nthe angle between theline of longitude (or geographical meridian) at the locationof interest and the horizontal component of the sun vector.By convention, the azimuth
34、angle is positive when the sun iseast of the line of longitude and negative when it is west ofthe line of longitude.beam, nof radiant energy, a collection of rays confined to aspecific path.blackbody, Planckian radiator, na thermal radiator whichcompletely absorbs all incident radiation, whatever th
35、ewavelength, the direction of incidence, or the polarization.This radiator has, for any wavelength, the maximum spectralconcentration of radiant exitance at a given temperature.E491Bouguers Law, nan expression of the extinction of radia-tion in a medium that states the intensity exponentiallydecreas
36、es due to both scattering and absorption as it passesthrough the medium (see Eq 3), where is the wavelength-dependent extinction optical thickness. The ratio of I to I0is equal to the atmospheric transmittance, T, and is equalto the summation of the extinction optical thicknessesassociated with each
37、 individual scattering or absorptionprocess i.I 5 I0exp2! 5 I0expS2(i51niD(3)DISCUSSIONBouguers Law is also known as Lamberts Law orBeers Law.circumsolar diffuse radiationsee radiant energy, circumso-lar.conical, adjdescribing a solid angle larger than an infinitesi-mal element and less than a hemis
38、phere (2 sr); the geometryof the solid angle must be described in context.diffuse, adjdescribing radiometric quantities, indicates fluxpropagating in many directions, as opposed to a collimatedbeam.diffuse, adjdescribing solar irradiance, the global hemi-spherical irradiance minus the direct beam ir
39、radiance.diffuse, adjdescribing reflectance, the directional hemi-spherical reflectance minus the specular reflectance.DISCUSSIONDiffuse has been used in the past to refer to hemispheri-cal collection (including the specular component) or irradiation, withequal radiance for all directions over a hem
40、isphere. This use isdeprecated in favor of the more precise term hemispherical.diffusion, nchange of the spatial distribution of a beam ofradiation when it is deviated in many directions by a surfaceor a medium. E349direct, adjdescribing solar radiation, a collimated beam.directional, adjof or relat
41、ing to a direction in space.DISCUSSIONFor optical properties, over an infinitesimal solid angle,the property is assumed constant. The variation in optical property withrespect to changing azimuth (counter-clockwise) and incidence angle(from the surface normal), with respect to a reference mark on as
42、ample, is the directional response.elevation angle, solar, rad or , nthe complement of thesolar zenith angle, i.e. /2 zradians. See zenith angle,solar.emission, nrelease of radiant energy. E349emissive powerdiscouraged in favor of the preferred termradiant exitance.emittance, , n for a sample at a g
43、iven temperature, ratio ofthe radiant flux emitted by a sample to that emitted by ablackbody radiator at the same temperature, under the samespectral and geometric conditions of measurement.extinction, nthe attenuation of radiant energy from anincident beam by the processes of molecular absorption a
44、ndscattering caused by atmospheric constituents.DISCUSSIONScattering by air molecules can be modeled withRayleigh scattering, and scattering by aerosols with ngstromsturbidity formula. Absorption processes are modeled with tables ofmeasured absorption coefficients versus wavelength.extinction coeffi
45、cient, monochromatic, kidimensionless,na measure of the extinction caused by a particularatmospheric constituent (see Bouguers Law and extinctionoptical thickness, monochromatic).extinction optical depth, monochromatic, dimensionless,nthe product of the extinction coefficient kifor a particu-lar atm
46、ospheric constituent times the path length to the top ofthe atmosphere, mr, see extinction optical thickness, mono-chromatic and optical mass, relative.DISCUSSIONOptical depth is sometimes used synonymously withoptical thickness, but the preferred distinction between the two is thatoptical thickness
47、 refers to the extinction along the entire path throughthe atmosphere rather than the vertical path.extinction optical thickness, monochromatic, idimensionless, nthe product of the extinction coefficientkifor a particular atmospheric constituent times the pathlength through atmosphere, see Bouguers
48、Law and Eq 4,inwhich mactis the optical mass, actual.i5 kimact(4)hemispherical, adjdescribing half of a sphere, i.e. a 2 srsolid angle.incident anglesee angle of incidence.index of refraction, nthe numerical expression of the ratioof the velocity of light in a vacuum to the velocity of light ina sub
49、stance. D1245infrared radiation, nradiation for which the wavelengths ofthe monochromatic components are greater than those forvisible radiation, and less than about 1 mm. E349irradiance, E Wm2, nat a point on a surface, radiant fluxincident per unit area of the surface; the derived unit heatflux density, irradiance in Standard IEEE/ASTM SI 10.irradiance, spectral, Eor E()Wm2nm1orWm2m1,nthe irradiation at a specific wavelength over a narrowbandwidth
