1、Designation: E 791 90 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forCalculating Refuse-Derived Fuel Analysis Data from As-Determined to Different Bases1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 791; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method gives equations to enable analyticaldata from the application of
3、RDF analyses procedures to beexpressed on various different bases in common use. Suchbases are: as-received; dry; dry, ash-free; and others (see2.1.12).1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of thi
4、s standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 ashinorganic residue remaining after ignition ofcombustible substances, determined by defini
5、te prescribedmethods. Ash may not be identical, in composition or quantity,with the inorganic substances present in the material beforeignition.2.1.2 as-determined basisexperimental data obtainedfrom the analysis sample of RDF. These data represent thenumerical values obtained for a particular moist
6、ure or ashcontent, or both, in the sample at the time of measurement.2.1.3 air dryinga process of partial drying of RDF tobring its moisture content near to equilibrium with the atmo-sphere in which further reduction, division, and characteriza-tion of the sample are to take place. In order to bring
7、 about thisequilibrium, the RDF is usually subjected to drying undercontrolled temperature conditions ranging from 30 to 40C.2.1.4 air dry lossthe decrease in mass presumed to bemoisture of a sample due to air drying.2.1.5 as-received basisexperimental data calculated to themoisture condition of the
8、 sample as it arrived in the laboratoryand before any laboratory processing or conditioning. The totalmoisture value that is calculated from the air dry loss andresidual moisture value is used to convert data from the drybasis to the as-received basis (see dry ash-free basis).2.1.6 dry ash-free basi
9、sthe experimental data calculatedto a theoretical base of no moisture or ash associated with thesample. Numerical values (air-dry loss, residual moisturevalues, and ash content) are used for converting the as-determined data to a moisture and ash-free basis.2.1.7 dry basisthe experimental data calcu
10、lated to atheoretical base of no moisture associated with the sample. Thenumerical value (residual moisture value) is used for convert-ing the as-determined data to a dry basis.2.1.8 fixed carbonthe ash-free carbonous material thatremains after volatile matter is driven off during the proximateanaly
11、sis of a dry sample.2.1.9 gross calorific value (gross heat of combustion atconstant volume) Qv(gross)the heat produced by combus-tion of a unit quantity of solid fuel, at constant volume, in anoxygen bomb calorimeter under specified conditions such thatall water in the products remains in liquid fo
12、rm.NOTE 1The conditions are: initial oxygen pressure of 20 to 40 atm (2to 4 MPa), initial and final temperatures between 68 and 95F (20 and35C).NOTE 2The gross calorific value is closely related to the internalenergy of combustion for the same reaction at constant standard tempera-ture and pressure
13、(Dy comb.). It is of opposite sign and differs by a smallamount due to energy effects resulting from compression, temperaturedifferences, and solution effects that vary with combustion conditions.Because of the variation of conditions allowed in Note 1, the definition ofgross calorific value does no
14、t lead to a unique value for any given fuel.However, the specified conditions limit the possible value to a narrowrange for which approximate limits can be calculated for a given fuel.2.1.10 higher heating valuesynonym for gross calorificvalue.2.1.11 proximate analysisthe determination, by pre-scrib
15、ed methods, of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon (bydifference), and ash. Unless otherwise specified, the termproximate analysis does not include determinations of chemi-cal elements or any determinations other than those named.2.1.12 refuse-derived fuelssolid forms of refuse-derivedfuels from
16、 which appropriate analytical samples may beprepared are defined as follows in ASTM STP 832:2RDF-1Wastes used as a fuel in as-discarded form withonly bulky wastes removed.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommi
17、ttee D34.03.02 onMunicipal Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved June 1, 1990. Published August 1990. Originallypublished as E 791 81. Last previous edition E 791 87.2Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology, ASTM STP 832, ASTM, 1983,p. 72.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive
18、, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.RDF-2Wastes processed to coarse particle size with orwithout ferrous separation.RDF-3Combustible waste fraction reduced to particlesizes, 95 % passing 2 in. square screening.RDF-4Combustible waste fraction processed into powderform, 95 %
19、 passing 10-mesh screening.RDF-5Combustible waste fraction densified (compressed)into the form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes.2.1.13 residual moisturethe moisture content remainingin an RDF sample after it has been milled down to an analysissample. Prior to milling, the RDF sample should
20、 have beensubjected to either a total moisture determination (singlestage), or an air drying procedure.2.1.14 total moisturethe weight loss resulting from dryinga sample to constant weight in an oven usually maintainedbetween 103 and 107C.2.1.15 ultimate analysisthe determination of the percent-ages
21、 of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, chlorine, ash, andoxygen in a dry sample. The percentage of oxygen may beobtained by calculating the difference between 100 % and theother determined elemental analyses.2.1.16 volatile matterthose products, exclusive of mois-ture, given off by a material as ga
22、s or vapor, determined bydefinite prescribed methods which may vary according to thenature of the material.2.2 Symbols:Symbols:2.2.1 The symbols used in this test method are as follows:M = moisture, weight %,Mar= moisture as-received (total moisture), weight %,Mad= moisture as-determined (residual m
23、oisture,weight %,ADL = air-dry loss, weight %,P = any analysis parameter listed in 4.1, weight %(except gross calorific value in Btu/lb),H = hydroxygen, weight %,O = oxygen, weight %, andA = ash, weight %.2.2.2 Subscripts used in this test method are as follows:ad= as-determined,ar= as-received,d= d
24、ry, anddaf= dry, ash-free (equivalent to moisture and ash-free,maf).3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is available to producers and users ofRDF to use in converting laboratory data from one basis toanother.4. Applicable Parameters4.1 The calculation procedures defined in 6.1.3, 6.2.2, and6
25、.3.2 are applicable to the following analysis parameters whenexpressed as a weight percent (except gross calorific value asBtu/lb).4.1.1 Ash,4.1.2 Carbon,4.1.3 Chloride, water-soluble,4.1.4 Chlorine, total,4.1.5 Calorific value (gross),4.1.6 Fixed carbon,4.1.7 Nitrogen,4.1.8 Sulfur, and4.1.9 Volatil
26、e matter.5. Sampling5.1 Sampling techniques are not directly applicable to thistest method. However, sampling procedures are identified inthe respective methods of analyses.6. Methods for Calculating Data6.1 Converting from the as-determined analysis samplebasis to the as-received basis:6.1.1 Moistu
27、re:Mar5 Mad3 100 2 ADL!/100 1 ADL (1)6.1.2 Hydrogen and OxygenInasmuch as hydrogen andoxygen values may be reported on the basis of containing ornot containing the hydrogen and oxygen in water (moisture)associated with the sample, alternate conversion procedures aredefined as follows:6.1.2.1 Hydroge
28、n and oxygen reported include hydrogenand oxygen in water:Har5FHad2 0.1119 Mad! 3100 2 Mar100 2 MadG1 0.119 Mar(2)Oar5FOad2 0.8881 Mad! 3100 2 Mar100 2 MarG1 0.881 Mar(3)where:0.1119 = ratio of the weight of hydrogen in water to themolecular weight of water, and0.8881 = ratio of the weight of oxygen
29、 in water to themolecular weight of water.6.1.2.2 Hydrogen and oxygen reported do not include hy-drogen and oxygen in water:Har5 Had2 0.1119 Mad! 3100 2 Mar100 2 Mad(4)Oar5 Oad2 0.881 Mad! 3100 2 Mar100 2 Mad(5)6.1.3 Other ParametersThe following equation is appli-cable to all parameters, P, listed
30、in 4.1:Par5 Pad3100 2 Mar100 2 Mad(6)6.2 Converting from the as-determined analysis samplebasis to the dry basis:6.2.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen:Hd5 Had2 0.1119 Mad! 3100100 2 Mad(7)Od5 Oad2 0.881 Mad! 3100100 2 Mad(8)E 791 90 (2004)26.2.2 Other ParametersThe following equation is appli-cable to all param
31、eters, P, listed in 4.1:Pd5 Pad3 100/100 2 Mad! (9)6.3 Converting from the as-determined analysis samplebasis to the dry, ash-free basis (see Note Note 3).6.3.1 Hydrogen and Oxygen:Hdaf5 Had2 0.1119 Mad! 3100100 2 Mad2 Aad(10)Odaf5 Oad2 0.8881 Mad! 3100100 2 Mad2 Aad(11)6.3.2 Other ParametersThe fol
32、lowing equation is appli-cable to all parameters, P, listed in 4.1:Pdaf5 Pad3100100 2 Mad2 Aad(12)NOTE 3It may not always be practical to report some parameters ona dry, ash-free basis due to oxidation of constituents as well as someelements being retained in the ash. The data calculated are to a th
33、eoreticalbase of no moisture or ash present in the sample.7. Conversion Chart7.1 To convert any of the analysis values for the parameterslisted in 4.1 from one basis to another, multiply the given valueby the value shown in the appropriate column in Table 1.7.2 Hydrogen and oxygen on the as-determin
34、ed basis in-clude hydrogen and oxygen in free water (moisture) associatedwith the analysis sample. However, hydrogen and oxygenvalues reported on other moisture-containing bases may bereported either as containing or not containing the hydrogenand oxygen in water (moisture) reported on that basis. C
35、on-version procedures are shown in Table 2.8. Sample Calculations8.1 An example of analysis data tabulated for a hypotheticalRDF on various bases is shown in Table 3.9. Reporting of Results9.1 Report the results of the proximate and ultimate analysisbased on the example shown in Table 3.9.2 To avoid
36、 ambiguity and to provide a means for conver-sion of data to other than the reported basis, it is essential thatan appropriate moisture and ash content be given in the datareport.9.3 If hydrogen or oxygen data, or both, are reported on anas-received basis (or any other moisture basis), a footnote or
37、some other means shall be employed in the report to indicatewhether the values reported do or do not include hydrogen andoxygen in the moisture associated with the sample.TABLE 1 Conversion ChartNOTE 1 To convert any of analyses values for the parameters listed in 4.1 from one basis to another, mult
38、iply the given value by the value shownin the appropriate column.E 791 90 (2004)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the va
39、lidity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your co
40、mments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments hav
41、e not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple
42、 copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 2 Procedures for Converting As-Determined Values to Other BasesTABLE 3 Standard Reporting Form
43、 Analyses Data of RDFAs-DeterminedAs-ReceivedDry BasisDry, Ash-FreeBasisHarand OarincludeH and O in sampleMarHarand Oardo notinclude H and O insample MarAir dry loss, % 18.69 . . . .Residual moisture (Mad), % 2.15 . . . .Total moisture (Mar), % . 20.44 20.44 . .Ash, % 20.68 16.82 16.82 21.14 .Volati
44、le matter, % 62.29 50.65 50.65 63.66 80.73Fixed carbon, % 14.88 12.09 12.09 15.20 19.27Total, proximate 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00Total, moisture, % . . 20.44 . .Ash, % 20.68 16.82 16.82 21.14 .Carbon, % 39.66 32.25 32.25 40.53 51.40Hydrogen, % 5.12 6.25 3.97 4.99 6.32Nitrogen, %0.60 0.60 0.49 0.49 0.61 0.78Chlorine, % 0.30 0.24 0.24 0.31 0.39Sulfur, %0.15 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.15 0.19Oxygen, % 33.49 43.83 25.68 32.28 40.93Total, ultimate 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00Gross heating value, Btu/lb 6868 5584 5584 7019 8900Chloride, water soluble, % 0.19 0.15 0.15 0.19 0.25E 791 90 (2004)4
