1、Designation: E 814 06An American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Tests of Through-Penetration Fire Stops1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONCharacteristically fire sprea
3、ds from one building compartment to another by the collapse of abarrier, or by openings through which flames or hot gases may pass, or by transfer of sufficient heatto ignite combustibles beyond the barrier. Test Methods E119describe the method to be used tomeasure the fire-resistive performance of
4、these barriers.However, various techniques of providing for the distribution of services within a structuresometimes require that openings be made in fire-resistive walls and floors to allow the passage of suchpenetrating items as cables, conduits, pipes, trays, and ducts through to the adjacent com
5、partment.Fire-stop material is installed into these openings to resist the spread of fire.The performance of through-penetration fire stops should be measured and specified according toa common standard that describes the method of fire exposure and rating criteria.1. Scope1.1 This test method is ap
6、plicable to through-penetrationfire stops of various materials and construction. Fire stops areintended for use in openings in fire-resistive walls and floorsthat are evaluated in accordance with Test Methods E119.1.2 Tests conducted in conformance with this test methodrecord fire-stop performance d
7、uring the test exposure; but suchtests shall not be construed to determine suitability of the firestop for use after test exposure.1.3 This test method also measures the resistance of firestops to an external force stimulated by a hose stream.However, this test method shall not be construed as deter
8、min-ing the performance of the fire stop during actual fire condi-tions when subjected to forces such as failure of cable supportsystems and falling debris.1.4 The intent of this test method is to develop data to assistothers in determining the suitability of the fire stops for usewhere fire resista
9、nce is required.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of materials, products, or assemblies under
10、actualfire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
11、to use.1.7 The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredrequirements of the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of B
12、uilding Constructionand MaterialsE 2226 Practice for Application of Hose Stream3. Terminology3.1 Definition:3.1.1 fire stopa through-penetration fire stop is a specificconstruction consisting of the materials that fill the openingaround penetrating items such as cables, cable trays, conduits,ducts,
13、and pipes and their means of support through the wall orfloor opening to prevent spread of fire.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This method is under the jurisdiction of Committee E05 on Fire Standards andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Construction Assembli
14、es.Current edition approved July 15, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 814 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards
15、volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1 test specimenthe fire stop being tested.3.2.2 test assemblythe wall or floor into which the tes
16、tspecimen(s) is (are) mounted or installed.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This method of testing through-penetration fire stopsexposes fire stops to a standard temperature-time fire, and to asubsequent application of a hose stream.4.2 Ratings are established on the basis of the period ofresistance to
17、the fire exposure, prior to the first development ofthrough openings, flaming on the unexposed surface, limitingthermal transmission criterion, and acceptable performanceunder application of a hose stream.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the performanceof a fire stop
18、with respect to exposure to a standard time-temperature fire test and a hose stream test. The performance ofa fire stop is dependent upon the specific assembly of materialstested including the number, type, and size of penetrations andthe floors or walls in which it is installed.5.2 Two ratings are
19、established for each fire stop. An Frating is based upon flame occurrence on the unexposedsurface, while the T rating is based upon the temperature rise aswell as flame occurrence on the unexposed side of the fire stop.These ratings, together with detailed performance data such asthe location of thr
20、ough-openings and temperatures of penetrat-ing items are intended to be one factor in assessing perfor-mance of fire stops.6. Control of Fire Tests6.1 Time-Temperature CurveThe fire environment withinthe furnace shall be in accordance with the standard time-temperature curve shown in Fig. 1. The poi
21、nts on the curve thatdetermine its character are:Ambient at 0 min1000F (538C) at 5 min1300F (704C) at 10 min1550F (843C) at 30 min1700F (927C) at 60 min1850F (1010C) at 120 min2000F (1093C) at 240 min2300F (1260C) at 480 min or over6.2 Furnace Temperatures:6.2.1 The temperature fixed by the curve sh
22、all be theaverage temperature obtained from the readings of thermo-couples symmetrically disposed and distributed within the testfurnace to show the temperature near all parts of the assembly.Use a minimum of three thermocouples, with not fewer thanfive thermocouples per 100 ft2(9.29 m2) of floor su
23、rface, andnot fewer than nine thermocouples per 100 ft2of wall specimensurface.6.2.2 Enclose the thermocouples in sealed protection tubesof such materials and dimensions that the time constant of theprotected thermocouple assembly lies within the range (seeNote 1) from 300 to 400 s. The exposed leng
24、th of thepyrometer tube and thermocouple in the furnace chamber shallbe not less than 12 in. (300 mm). Use of other types ofprotection tubes or pyrometers is acceptable provided thattemperature measurements obtained in accordance with Fig. 1are within the limit of accuracy that applies for furnacete
25、mperature measurements.NOTE 1A typical thermocouple meeting these time-constant require-ments may be fabricated by fusion-welding the twisted ends of No. 18 Band S gage (0.040 in.) (1.02 mm) Chromel-Alumel wires, mounting theleads in porcelain insulators and inserting the assembly so the thermo-coup
26、le bead is 0.50 in. (13 mm) from the sealed end of a standard weight,nominal12-in. iron, steel, or Inconel pipe. (Inconel is a trademark of IncoAlloys, Inc., 3800 Riverside Dr., P.O. Box 1958, Huntington, WV 25720.)The time constant for this and for several other thermocouple assemblieswas measured
27、in 1976. The time constant may also be calculated fromknowledge of its physical and thermal properties. See Research ReportRR:E05-1001, available from ASTM Headquarters.6.2.3 For floors, place the junction of the thermocouples 12in. (300 mm) away from the exposed face of the assembly. Inthe case of
28、walls, place the thermocouples 6.0 in. (150 mm)away from the exposed face.6.2.4 Read the temperature at intervals not exceeding 5 minduring the first 120 min. Thereafter, the intervals shall notexceed 10 min.6.2.5 The accuracy of the furnace control shall be such thatthe area under the temperature-t
29、ime curve, obtained by aver-aging the results from the pyrometer or thermoelectric devicereadings, is within 10 % of the corresponding area under thestandard temperature-time curve shown in Fig. 1 for fire testsof 60 min or less duration; within 7.5 % for those over 60 minand not more than 120 min;
30、and within 5 % for tests exceeding120 min in duration.6.3 Unexposed Surface Temperatures:6.3.1 Make at least one measurement at each of the follow-ing locations on the unexposed surface of the test sample andfloor or wall assembly as shown in Fig. 2.6.3.2 Additional temperature measurements are made
31、 at thediscretion of the testing agency to obtain representative infor-mation on the performance of the fire stops.NOTEFor a closer definition of the temperature-time curve, see AnnexA1.FIG. 1 Temperature-Time CurveE8140626.3.3 Measure temperatures on the surface of the fire stopand assembly with th
32、ermocouples placed under flexible padsspecified inAnnexA2. The pads shall be held firmly against thesurface and shall fit closely about the thermocouples. Thethermocouple junction shall be located under the center of thepads. The thermocouple leads under the pads shall be notheavier than No. 18 B an
33、d S gage (0.040 in.) (1.02 mm) andshall be electrically insulated with heat-resistant moisture-resistant coverings.6.3.4 Measure temperatures of each type and size of pen-etrating item with at least one thermocouple located 1.0 in.(25.4 mm) from the unexposed surface of the fire-stop material.The th
34、ermocouple bead shall be held firmly against thepenetrating item. The thermocouple leads shall not be heavierthan No. 22 B and S gage (0.025 in.) (0.635 mm) and shall beelectrically insulated with heat-resistant and moisture-resistantcoverings. The pads as described above shall be held firmlyagainst
35、 the penetrating item and shall fit closely about thethermocouples.6.3.5 Temperature readings shall be taken at intervals notexceeding 15 min until a reading exceeding 212F (100C) hasbeen obtained at any one point. Thereafter, at the discretion ofthe testing body, the readings shall be taken more fr
36、equently,but the intervals need not be less than 5 min.6.4 Differential Pressure:6.4.1 The pressure differential between the exposed andunexposed surfaces of the test assembly, as defined in 3.2.2,shall be measured at two points 0.78 in. (20 mm) from theexposed surface of the test assembly as follow
37、s:6.4.1.1 WallsAt two points along the vertical center line.The two points shall be separated by a vertical distance that isequal to or greater than one-half of the height of the testassembly.6.4.1.2 FloorsTwo points along the longitudinal centerline at a distance ofL4 6L8 from the center of the flo
38、or whereL equals the length of the floor.6.4.2 The pressure-measuring probes shall be a Tee-shapedprobe or a tube probe and shall be manufactured from stainlesssteel or other suitable material.6.4.3 Measure the pressure by means of a manometer orequivalent transducer. The manometer or transducer sha
39、ll becapable of reading 0.01-in. H2O (2.5-Pa) increments with ameasurement precision of 0.005 in. H2O (1.25 Pa).6.4.4 The furnace shall be controlled such that the differen-tial pressure between the exposed and the unexposed surfacesof the test assembly complies with either 6.4.4.1 or 6.4.4.2.6.4.4.
40、1 Standard Pressure ConditionExcept for the first10 min. of the test, the furnace pressure shall be at least 0.01 in.wg (2.5 Pa) greater than the pressure on the unexposed side ofthe test assembly at the following locations:(1) WallsAt the lowest elevation of the test specimen(see Note 2).(2) Floors
41、At the location of the pressure-measuringprobes.NOTE 2Asupplementary pressure probe, in addition to the two probesspecified in 6.4.1.1, may be used to determine compliance with thisrequirement.Legend:AAt a point on the surface of the fire stop 1 in. (25 mm) from one through-penetrating item for each
42、 type of penetrating item employed in the field of the fire stop. Ifthe grouping of penetrating items through the test sample prohibits placement of the thermocouple pad, the thermocouple shall not be required.BAt a point on the fire stop surface at the periphery of the fire stop.CAt a minimum of th
43、ree points on the fire stop surface approximately equidistant from a penetrating item or group of penetrating items in the field of the fire stop andthe periphery.DAt one point on any frame that is installed about the perimeter of the opening.EAt one point on the unexposed surface of the wall or flo
44、or that is a minimum of 12 in. (305 mm) from any opening.FAt one point on each type of through-penetrating item. If the through-penetrating item is insulated or coated on the unexposed side, the thermocouple shall be locatedon the exterior surface of the insulation or coating. If the coating or insu
45、lation does not extend the full length of the penetrating item on the unexposed side, an additionalthermocouple shall be installed on the penetrating item 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) beyond the termination of the insulation or coating.FIG. 2 Temperature Measurement LocationsE8140636.4.4.2 Unique Pressure Cond
46、itionThe differential pres-sure shall be specified by the test sponsor. The furnace shall becontrolled such that the specified differential pressure is main-tained throughout the duration of the test, excluding the first 10min., within 20 % of the specified pressure.7. Test Specimen7.1 Construction
47、and Size:7.1.1 The construction of the test fire stops shall be ofsufficient size and include all conduits, pipes, cables (jackettypes, sizes, conductor types, percent fills), required supports,or other through-penetrating items so as to produce a repre-sentative fire stop for which evaluation is be
48、ing sought. Installand test fire stops in each construction type for which ratingsare being sought.7.1.2 Install through-penetrating items so that they extend12 in. (300 mm) on the exposed side and 36 in. (900 mm) onthe unexposed side unless either or both of these extensions arenot typical of actua
49、l field installations. In such cases, theinstallation shall be representative of actual field installations.Support the extended portion of through-penetrating items onthe unexposed side so as to minimize relative movementbetween the through-penetrating item and the restraining framein which the test assembly is mounted. Cap or otherwise sealthe individual ends of through-penetrating items on the ex-posed side. When the through-penetrating item is a closedsystem that in actual field practice is not vented or open to theatmosphere, the through-pen
