1、Designation: E 814 08bAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONCharacteristically fire spreads
3、 from one building compartment to another by the collapse of abarrier, or by openings through which flames or hot gases may pass, or by transfer of sufficient heatto ignite combustibles beyond the barrier. Test Methods E119describe the method to be used tomeasure the fire-resistive performance of th
4、ese barriers.However, various techniques of providing for the distribution of services within a structuresometimes require that openings be made in fire-resistive walls and floors to allow the passage of suchpenetrating items as cables, conduits, pipes, trays, and ducts through to the adjacent compa
5、rtment.Fire-stop material is installed into these openings to resist the spread of fire.The performance of through-penetration firestops should be measured and specified according to acommon standard that describes the method of fire exposure and rating criteria.1. Scope1.1 This test method is appli
6、cable to firestop systems ofvarious materials and construction. Firestop systems are in-tended for use in openings in fire-resistive walls and floors thatare evaluated in accordance with Test Methods E119.1.2 Tests conducted in conformance with this test methodrecord firestop system performance duri
7、ng the test exposure;but such tests shall not be construed to determine suitability ofthe firestop system for use after test exposure.1.3 This test method also measures the resistance of firestopsystems to an external force stimulated by a hose stream.However, this test method shall not be construed
8、 as determin-ing the performance of the firestop system during actual fireconditions when subjected to forces such as failure of cablesupport systems and falling debris.1.4 The intent of this test method is to develop data to assistothers in determining the suitability of the firestops for usewhere
9、fire resistance is required.1.5 This test method does not apply to membrane penetra-tions of a floor-ceiling assembly or roof-ceiling assembly thatare tested as part of the assembly in accordance with TestMethods E119.1.6 This test method does not apply to membrane penetra-tions of load-bearing wall
10、s.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, product
11、s, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actualfire conditions.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if a
12、ny, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory mater
13、ial. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredrequirements of the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand Materials1This method is under the jurisdiction of Committee E05 on Fire S
14、tandards andis the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Construction Assemblies.Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published August 2008. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E 814 08a.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.or
15、g, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 176 Termino
16、logy of Fire StandardsE 2226 Practice for Application of Hose Stream2.2 Other Documents:ANSI/UL 1479 Standard for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method referto Terminology E 176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specif
17、ic to This Standard:3.2.1 firestop system, na specific combination of penetrat-ing item or items, the specific construction that is penetrated,and the materials or devices, or both, that seal the openingprovided to accommodate one or more items that penetrate intoor through a fire-resistance rated a
18、ssembly.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe materials and devices used to sealthe opening around penetrating items are sometimes referred toas “firestops.” Note that it is not “firestops” that are tested bythis standard, but rather “firestop systems.” Due to the complexinteraction during a fire between the penetr
19、ant, the penetratedassembly, the materials and/or devices used to seal the pen-etration, and the specific size and shape of the opening, it is notpossible to simply test the “firestop” to develop fire resistancedata.3.2.2 membrane-penetration firestop system, na firestopsystem that seals the opening
20、 provided to accommodate one ormore items that penetrate the membrane on only one side of afire-resistance rated assembly.3.2.2.1 DiscussionExamples of penetrating items includecables, conduits, ducts, pipes, and electrical boxes.3.2.3 test assemblythe wall or floor that is part of thefirestop syste
21、m being tested into which the test specimen(s) is(are) mounted or installed.3.2.4 test specimenthe penetrating item or items and thematerials or devices, or both, that seal the opening in thefirestop system being tested.3.2.5 through-penetration firestop system, na firestop sys-tem that seals the op
22、ening around penetrating items that passthrough the entire fire-resistance rated assembly.3.2.5.1 DiscussionExamples of penetrating items includecables, cable trays, conduits, ducts, and pipes.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This method of testing through-penetration firestopsystems exposes firestop sy
23、stems to a standard temperature-time fire, and to a subsequent application of a hose stream.4.2 Ratings are established on the basis of the period ofresistance to the fire exposure, prior to the first development ofthrough openings, flaming on the unexposed surface, limitingthermal transmission crit
24、erion, and acceptable performanceunder application of a hose stream.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the performanceof a firestop system with respect to exposure to a standardtime-temperature fire test and a hose stream test. The perfor-mance of a firestop system is d
25、ependent upon the specificassembly of materials tested including the number, type, andsize of penetrations and the floors or walls in which it isinstalled.5.2 Two ratings are established for each firestop system. AnF rating is based upon flame occurrence on the unexposedsurface, while the T rating i
26、s based upon the temperature rise aswell as flame occurrence on the unexposed side of the firestopsystem. These ratings, together with detailed performance datasuch as the location of through-openings and temperatures ofpenetrating items are intended to be one factor in assessingperformance of fires
27、top systems.6. Control of Fire Tests6.1 Time-Temperature CurveThe fire environment withinthe furnace shall be in accordance with the standard time-temperature curve shown in Fig. 1. The points on the curve thatdetermine its character are:Ambient at 0 min1000F (538C) at 5 min1300F (704C) at 10 min155
28、0F (843C) at 30 min1700F (927C) at 60 min1850F (1010C) at 120 min2000F (1093C) at 240 min2300F (1260C) at 480 min or over6.2 Furnace Temperatures:6.2.1 The temperature fixed by the curve shall be theaverage temperature obtained from the readings of thermo-couples symmetrically disposed and distribut
29、ed within the testfurnace to show the temperature near all parts of the assembly.Use a minimum of three thermocouples, with not fewer thanfive thermocouples per 100 ft2(9.29 m2) of floor surface, andnot fewer than nine thermocouples per 100 ft2of wall specimensurface.6.2.2 Enclose the thermocouples
30、in sealed protection tubesof such materials and dimensions that the time constant of theprotected thermocouple assembly lies within the range (seeNOTEFor a closer definition of the temperature-time curve, see AnnexA1.FIG. 1 Temperature-Time CurveE 814 08b2Note 1) from 300 to 400 s. The exposed lengt
31、h of thepyrometer tube and thermocouple in the furnace chamber shallbe not less than 12 in. (300 mm). Use of other types ofprotection tubes or pyrometers is acceptable provided thattemperature measurements obtained in accordance with Fig. 1are within the limit of accuracy that applies for furnacetem
32、perature measurements.NOTE 1A typical thermocouple meeting these time-constant require-ments may be fabricated by fusion-welding the twisted ends of No. 18 Band S gage (0.040 in.) (1.02 mm) Chromel-Alumel wires, mounting theleads in porcelain insulators and inserting the assembly so the thermo-coupl
33、e bead is 0.50 in. (13 mm) from the sealed end of a standard weight,nominal12-in. iron, steel, or Inconel pipe. (Inconel is a trademark of IncoAlloys, Inc., 3800 Riverside Dr., P.O. Box 1958, Huntington, WV 25720.)The time constant for this and for several other thermocouple assemblieswas measured i
34、n 1976. The time constant may also be calculated fromknowledge of its physical and thermal properties. See Research ReportRR:E05-1001, available from ASTM Headquarters.6.2.3 For floors, place the junction of the thermocouples 12in. (300 mm) away from the exposed face of the assembly. Inthe case of w
35、alls, place the thermocouples 6.0 in. (150 mm)away from the exposed face.6.2.4 Read the temperature at intervals not exceeding 5 minduring the first 120 min. Thereafter, the intervals shall notexceed 10 min.6.2.5 The accuracy of the furnace control shall be such thatthe area under the temperature-ti
36、me curve, obtained by aver-aging the results from the pyrometer or thermoelectric devicereadings, is within 10 % of the corresponding area under thestandard temperature-time curve shown in Fig. 1 for fire testsof 60 min or less duration; within 7.5 % for those over 60 minand not more than 120 min; a
37、nd within 5 % for tests exceeding120 min in duration.6.3 Unexposed Surface Temperatures:6.3.1 Make at least one measurement at each of the follow-ing locations on the unexposed surface of the test sample andfloor or wall assembly as shown in Fig. 2.6.3.2 Additional temperature measurements are made
38、at thediscretion of the testing agency to obtain representative infor-mation on the performance of the firestop systems.6.3.3 Measure temperatures on the surface of the materials,devices, or both, that are used to seal the opening in the testassembly.6.3.4 Measure the temperature of the test assembl
39、y.6.3.5 Temperature measurements shall be made with ther-mocouples placed under flexible pads specified in Annex A2.The pads shall be held firmly against the surface and shall fitclosely about the thermocouples. The thermocouple junctionshall be located under the center of the pads. The thermocouple
40、leads under the pads shall be not heavier than No. 18 B and Sgage (0.040 in.) (1.02 mm) and shall be electrically insulatedwith heat-resistant moisture-resistant coverings.6.3.6 Measure temperatures of each type and size of pen-etrating item with at least one thermocouple located 1.0 in.(25.4 mm) fr
41、om the unexposed surface of the material, device,or both, that is (are) used to seal the opening in the testassembly. The thermocouple bead shall be held firmly againstLegend:AAt a point on the surface of the materials or devices, or both, that seal the opening 1 in. (25 mm) from one through-penetra
42、ting item for each type of penetrating itememployed in the field of the materials or devices, or both, that seal the opening. If the grouping of penetrating items through the test sample prohibits placement of thethermocouple pad, the thermocouple shall not be required.BAt a point at the periphery o
43、n the surface of the materials or devices, or both, that seal the opening.CAt a minimum of three points on the surface of the materials that seal the opening, approximately equidistant from a penetrating item or group of penetrating itemsin the field of the materials that seal the opening and the pe
44、riphery.DAt one point on any frame that is installed about the perimeter of the opening.EAt one point on the unexposed surface of the wall or floor that is a minimum of 12 in. (305 mm) from any opening.FAt one point on each type of through-penetrating item. If the through-penetrating item is insulat
45、ed or coated on the unexposed side, the thermocouple shall be locatedon the exterior surface of the insulation or coating. If the coating or insulation does not extend the full length of the penetrating item on the unexposed side, an additionalthermocouple shall be installed on the penetrating item
46、1.0 in. (25.4 mm) beyond the termination of the insulation or coating.FIG. 2 Temperature Measurement LocationsE 814 08b3the penetrating item. The thermocouple leads shall not beheavier than No. 22 B and S gage (0.025 in.) (0.635 mm) andshall be electrically insulated with heat-resistant and moisture
47、-resistant coverings. The pads as described above shall be heldfirmly against the penetrating item and shall fit closely aboutthe thermocouples.6.3.7 Temperature readings shall be taken at intervals notexceeding 15 min until a reading exceeding 212F (100C) hasbeen obtained at any one point. Thereaft
48、er, at the discretion ofthe testing body, the readings shall be taken more frequently,but the intervals need not be less than 5 min.6.4 Differential Pressure:6.4.1 The pressure differential between the exposed andunexposed surfaces of the test assembly, as defined in 3.2.3,shall be measured at two p
49、oints 0.78 in. (20 mm) from theexposed surface of the test assembly as follows:6.4.1.1 WallsAt two points along the vertical center line.The two points shall be separated by a vertical distance that isequal to or greater than one-half of the height of the testassembly.6.4.1.2 FloorsTwo points along the longitudinal centerline at a distance ofL4 6L8 from the center of the floor whereL equals the length of the floor.6.4.2 The pressure-measuring probes shall be a Tee-shapedprobe or a tube probe and shall be manufactured from stainlesssteel or oth
