1、Designation: E814 11aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forFire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.INTRODUCTIONCharacteristically fire spreads f
3、rom one building compartment to another by the collapse of abarrier, or by openings through which flames or hot gases may pass, or by transfer of sufficient heatto ignite combustibles beyond the barrier. Test Methods E119 describe the method to be used tomeasure the fire-resistive performance of the
4、se barriers.However, various techniques of providing for the distribution of services within a structuresometimes require that openings be made in fire-resistive walls and floors to allow the passage of suchpenetrating items as cables, conduits, pipes, trays, and ducts through to the adjacent compar
5、tment.Fire-stop material is installed into these openings to resist the spread of fire.The performance of through-penetration firestops should be measured and specified according to acommon standard that describes the method of fire exposure and rating criteria.1. Scope1.1 This test method is applic
6、able to firestop systems ofvarious materials and construction. Firestop systems are in-tended for use in openings in fire-resistive walls and floors thatare evaluated in accordance with Test Methods E119.1.2 Tests conducted in conformance with this test methodrecord firestop system performance durin
7、g the test exposure;but such tests shall not be construed to determine suitability ofthe firestop system for use after test exposure.1.3 This test method also measures the resistance of firestopsystems to an external force stimulated by a hose stream.However, this test method shall not be construed
8、as determin-ing the performance of the firestop system during actual fireconditions when subjected to forces such as failure of cablesupport systems and falling debris.1.4 The intent of this test method is to develop data to assistothers in determining the suitability of the firestops for usewhere f
9、ire resistance is required.1.5 This test method does not apply to membrane penetra-tions of a floor-ceiling assembly or roof-ceiling assembly thatare tested as part of the assembly in accordance with TestMethods E119.1.6 This test method does not apply to membrane penetra-tions of load-bearing walls
10、.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products
11、, or assemblies to heat andflame under controlled conditions, but does not by itselfincorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-riskassessment of materials, products, or assemblies under actualfire conditions.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if an
12、y, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 The text of this standard references notes and footnoteswhich provide explanatory materi
13、al. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be consideredrequirements of the standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Constructionand MaterialsE176 Terminology of Fire Standards1This test method is under the j
14、urisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on FireResistance.Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published April 2011. Originallyapproved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E814 11. DOI:10.1520/E0814-11A.2For referen
15、ced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West C
16、onshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E2226 Practice for Application of Hose Stream2.2 Other Documents:ANSI/UL 1479 Standard for Fire Tests of Through-Penetration Firestops3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method referto Terminology E176.3.2 Definitio
17、ns of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 firestop system, na specific combination of penetrat-ing item or items, the specific construction that is penetrated,and the materials or devices, or both, that seal the openingprovided to accommodate one or more items that penetrate intoor through a fire-
18、resistance rated assembly.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe materials and devices used to sealthe opening around penetrating items are sometimes referred toas “firestops.” Note that it is not “firestops” that are tested bythis standard, but rather “firestop systems.” Due to the complexinteraction during a fire
19、between the penetrant, the penetratedassembly, the materials and/or devices used to seal the pen-etration, and the specific size and shape of the opening, it is notpossible to simply test the “firestop” to develop fire resistancedata.3.2.2 membrane-penetration firestop system, na firestopsystem that
20、 seals the opening provided to accommodate one ormore items that penetrate the membrane on only one side of afire-resistance rated assembly.3.2.2.1 DiscussionExamples of penetrating items includecables, conduits, ducts, pipes, and electrical boxes.3.2.3 test assemblythe wall or floor that is part of
21、 thefirestop system being tested into which the test specimen(s) is(are) mounted or installed.3.2.4 test specimenthe penetrating item or items and thematerials or devices, or both, that seal the opening in thefirestop system being tested.3.2.5 through-penetration firestop system, na firestop sys-tem
22、 that seals the opening around penetrating items that passthrough the entire fire-resistance rated assembly.3.2.5.1 DiscussionExamples of penetrating items includecables, cable trays, conduits, ducts, and pipes.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This method of testing through-penetration firestopsystems e
23、xposes firestop systems to a standard temperature-time fire, and to a subsequent application of a hose stream.4.2 Ratings are established on the basis of the period ofresistance to the fire exposure, prior to the first development ofthrough openings, flaming on the unexposed surface, limitingthermal
24、 transmission criterion, and acceptable performanceunder application of a hose stream.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used to determine the performanceof a firestop system with respect to exposure to a standardtime-temperature fire test and a hose stream test. The perfor-mance of a fi
25、restop system is dependent upon the specificassembly of materials tested including the number, type, andsize of penetrations and the floors or walls in which it isinstalled.5.2 Two ratings shall be established for each firestop sys-tem. An F rating shall be based upon flame occurrence on theunexpose
26、d surface, while the T rating shall be based upon thetemperature rise as well as flame occurrence on the unexposedside of the firestop system. These ratings, together withdetailed performance data such as the location of through-openings and temperatures of penetrating items are intended tobe one fa
27、ctor in assessing performance of firestop systems.6. Control of Fire Tests6.1 Time-Temperature CurveThe fire environment withinthe furnace shall be in accordance with the standard time-temperature curve shown in Fig. 1. The points on the curve thatdetermine its character are:Ambient at 0 min1000F (5
28、38C) at 5 min1300F (704C) at 10 min1550F (843C) at 30 min1700F (927C) at 60 min1850F (1010C) at 120 min2000F (1093C) at 240 min2300F (1260C) at 480 min or over6.2 Furnace Temperatures:6.2.1 The temperature fixed by the curve shall be theaverage temperature obtained from the readings of thermo-couple
29、s symmetrically disposed and distributed within the testfurnace to show the temperature near all parts of the assembly.Use a minimum of three thermocouples, with not fewer thanfive thermocouples per 100 ft2(9.29 m2) of floor surface, andnot fewer than nine thermocouples per 100 ft2of wall specimensu
30、rface.6.2.2 Enclose the thermocouples in sealed protection tubesof such materials and dimensions that the time constant of theprotected thermocouple assembly lies within the range (seeNOTEFor a closer definition of the temperature-time curve, see AnnexA1.FIG. 1 Temperature-Time CurveE814 11a2Note 1)
31、 from 300 to 400 s. The exposed length of thepyrometer tube and thermocouple in the furnace chamber shallbe not less than 12 in. (300 mm). Use of other types ofprotection tubes or pyrometers shall be acceptable providedthat temperature measurements obtained in accordance withFig. 1 are within the li
32、mit of accuracy that applies for furnacetemperature measurements.NOTE 1A typical thermocouple meeting these time-constant require-ments may be fabricated by fusion-welding the twisted ends of No. 18 Band S gage (0.040 in.) (1.02 mm) Chromel-Alumel wires, mounting theleads in porcelain insulators and
33、 inserting the assembly so the thermo-couple bead is 0.50 in. (13 mm) from the sealed end of a standard weight,nominal12-in. iron, steel, or Inconel pipe. (Inconel is a trademark of IncoAlloys, Inc., 3800 Riverside Dr., P.O. Box 1958, Huntington, WV 25720.)The time constant for this and for several
34、other thermocouple assemblieswas measured in 1976. The time constant may also be calculated fromknowledge of its physical and thermal properties. See Research ReportRR:E05-1001, available from ASTM Headquarters.6.2.3 For floors, place the junction of the thermocouples 12in. (300 mm) away from the ex
35、posed face of the assembly. Inthe case of walls, place the thermocouples 6.0 in. (150 mm)away from the exposed face.6.2.4 Read the temperature at intervals not exceeding 5 minduring the first 120 min. Thereafter, the intervals shall notexceed 10 min.6.2.5 The accuracy of the furnace control shall be
36、 such thatthe area under the temperature-time curve, obtained by aver-aging the results from the pyrometer or thermoelectric devicereadings, is within 10 % of the corresponding area under thestandard temperature-time curve shown in Fig. 1 for fire testsof 60 min or less duration; within 7.5 % for th
37、ose over 60 minand not more than 120 min; and within 5 % for tests exceeding120 min in duration.6.3 Unexposed Surface Temperatures:6.3.1 Measure temperatures on the surface of the materials,devices, or both, that are used to seal the opening in the testassembly.6.3.2 Measure the temperature of the t
38、est assembly.6.3.3 Measure temperature at each of the locations on theunexposed surface of the penetrating item and floor or wallassembly as shown in Fig. 2.6.3.4 For tests of membrane penetration firestop systems, inaddition to the requirements of 6.3.3, measure temperature ateach of the locations
39、on the non-fire side of the test assemblyas shown in Fig. 3 for test assemblies that include membranepenetrations on only one face of the test assembly, or as shownin Fig. 4 for test assemblies that include conditions represen-tative of both sides of the membrane penetration on one surfaceof the wal
40、l.6.3.4.1 DiscussionThe area in which thermocouples “G”are located, as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, is the perpendicularprojections of the test assemlby opening area on the non-fireside of the un-penetrated membrane.6.3.5 Additional temperature measurements shall be madeat the discretion of the testi
41、ng agency to obtain representativeinformation on the performance of the firestop systems.Legend:AAt a point on the surface of the materials or devices, or both, that seal the opening 1 in. (25 mm) from one through-penetrating item for each type of penetrating itememployed in the field of the materia
42、ls or devices, or both, that seal the opening. If the grouping of penetrating items through the test sample prohibits placement of thethermocouple pad, the thermocouple shall not be required.BAt a point at the periphery on the surface of the materials or devices, or both, that seal the opening.CAt a
43、 minimum of three points on the surface of the materials that seal the opening, approximately equidistant from a penetrating item or group of penetrating itemsin the field of the materials that seal the opening and the periphery.DAt one point on any frame that is installed about the perimeter of the
44、 opening.EAt one point on the unexposed surface of the wall or floor that is a minimum of 12 in. (305 mm) from any opening.FAt one point on each type of through-penetrating item. If the through-penetrating item is insulated or coated on the unexposed side, the thermocouple shall be locatedon the ext
45、erior surface of the insulation or coating. If the coating or insulation does not extend the full length of the penetrating item on the unexposed side, an additionalthermocouple shall be installed on the penetrating item 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) beyond the termination of the insulation or coating.FIG. 2 Te
46、mperature Measurement LocationsE814 11a36.3.6 For the purpose of obtaining supplementary informa-tion during tests of membrane penetrations, the temperatureinside of each wall cavity having a membrane penetration shallbe measured using one or more thermocouples. Such thermo-couples shall be located
47、3 6 0.25 in. (76 6 6 mm) verticallyfrom the inside top of the wall cavity, and each located 3 60.25 in. (76 6 6 mm) in. horizontally from the penetrationcenterline. Wires for the thermocouples shall be routed so asnot to impact the fire performance measurements that are madeon the non-fire side memb
48、rane.6.3.7 Temperature measurements shall be made with ther-mocouples placed under flexible pads specified in Annex A2.The pads shall be held firmly against the surface and shall fitclosely about the thermocouples. The thermocouple junctionshall be located under the center of the pads. The thermocou
49、pleleads under the pads shall be not heavier than No. 18 B and Sgage (0.040 in.) (1.02 mm) and shall be electrically insulatedwith heat-resistant moisture-resistant coverings.6.3.8 For tests of membrane penetration firestop systems,the pads placed over thermocouples used to measure thenon-fire side wall temperature at the top of the wall cavity(position H in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4) shall have the propertiesspecified in Annex A2, except that they shall have a length andwidth of 6.00 6 0.04 in. (152 6 1 mm).6.3.8.1 DiscussionThe use of thermocouple pads
