1、Designation: E 850 95 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Practice forUse of Inorganic Process Wastes as Structural Fill1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides guidance for use of selectedprocess wastes as structural fills by listing representative testme
3、thods for predicting and evaluating those physical charac-teristics of waste that are related to the integrity of fills and toprotection of ground and surface waters.1.2 Table 1 lists references which provide engineeringpractices and test procedures that may be applied to processwaste for use as str
4、uctural fill.1.3 Some process wastes may produce leachate that exceedsenvironmentally acceptable limits. Special provisions are in-cluded to accommodate this class of materials (see 7.2).2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-crete Aggregate
5、sC 295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregatesfor ConcreteC 593 Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans forUse With Lime for Soil StabilizationC 821 Specification for Lime for Use with PozzolansD 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 421
6、 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples forParticle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-stantsD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 559 Test Methods for Wetting and Drying CompactedSoil-Ce
7、ment MixturesD 560 Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing CompactedSoil-Cement MixturesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 854 Test Methods for Specific
8、 Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD 1140 Test Methods for Amount of Material in Soils Finerthan No. 200 (75-m) SieveD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Sand-Cone MethodD 1557 Test Methods for
9、 Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 1633 Test Methods for Compressive Strength
10、of MoldedSoil-Cement CylindersD 2049 Test Method for Relative Density of CohesionlessSoils3D 2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD 2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Rubber Balloon MethodD 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination
11、 of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD 2217 Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples forParticle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-stantsD 2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils(Constant Head)D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPurpo
12、ses (Unified Soil Classification System)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.03 onIndustrial Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published March 2007. Originallyapproved in 1982
13、. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 850 95(2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3W
14、ithdrawn; Replaced by D 4253.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D 2573 Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in CohesiveSoilD 2664 Test
15、Method for Triaxial Compressive Strength ofUndrained Rock Core Specimens Without Pore PressureMeasurements4D 2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained Tri-axial Compression Test on Cohesive SoilsD 2922 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth
16、)D 2937 Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by theDrive-Cylinder MethodD 3017 Test Method for Water Content of Soil and Rock inPlace by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)D 3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils UnderConsolidated Drained ConditionsD 3974 Practices for Extraction of Trace E
17、lements fromSedimentsD 3987 Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Wastewith WaterD 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD 5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall Permeameter3. Termin
18、ology3.1 cemented materialsmaterials consisting of one ormore substances that develop hardness by chemical reactionafter placement of the material in a fill.3.2 coarse material material coarser than a No. 200(75-m) U.S. standard sieve.3.3 effective coeffcient of permeabilitythe coefficient ofpermeab
19、ility that characterizes a fill and is the result ofcombined materials characteristics and construction techniquesincluding compaction, capping, placement of impermeablelayers, etc.3.4 fill material material used in the construction of astructural fill.3.5 fine material material finer than No. 200 (
20、75-m) U.S.standard sieve.3.6 leachateliquid that has percolated through or passedover a solid waste or other medium and contains dissolved orsuspended materials, or both, from the medium.3.7 process waste inorganic by-product materials such asmine tailings, culm piles, coal processing conversion and
21、combustion wastes, cement and limekiln dust, by-productgypsum, and chemically treated compositions made from thesewastes or waste mixtures.3.8 structural fill man-made deposits of solid materials.Examples include backfills, landfills, embankments, earthdams, linings and blankets, foundations, canals
22、, road base,footings, and trenches.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended for inorganic process wastesthat can be used as replacements for natural material such assoil or rock suitable for construction applications. Selection ofappropriate and feasible fill materials and selection of a
23、ppli-cable materials, tests, and specifications to facilitate construc-tion and environmental protection are the responsibility of thedesign engineer. This practice is intended to encourage widerutilization of waste materials.5. Determination of Material Characteristics5.1 Table 1 contains represent
24、ative test methods recom-mended for determining and evaluating characteristics ofprocess wastes, of either candidate or in situ fill materials.Appropriate numerical values of materials characteristics willvary depending on design requirements and are selected on thebasis of accepted engineering prac
25、tice and regulatory require-ments. Testing of process wastes that may result in chemicalreactions or contain cementitious materials should be per-formed on specimens that have been cured and aged toduplicate in situ conditions as closely as possible. Examples ofsuch test procedures are listed in Tab
26、le 1 under CementedMaterials. Cured specimens carefully removed from the fillmay be used in carrying out the laboratory or field procedures(Table 1). Solubility of the waste material must be suitable forthe intended use.TABLE 1 Representative Test Methods Recommended for Determining and Evaluating C
27、haracteristics of Process Wastes Suitable forFill ConstructionCharacteristicsTestMethodsAGeneral:Laboratory Procedures:Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysisand Determination of Soils ConstantsD 421Particle-Size Analysis of Soils D 422Liquid Limit of Soils D 4318Plastic Limit and
28、 Plasticity Index of Soils D 4318Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids D 653Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using 5.5 lb Rammerand 12-in. DropD 698Specific Gravity of Soils D 854Amount of Materials in Soils Finer than the No. 200 Sieve D 11404Withdrawn.E 850 95 (2007)2TABLE 1
29、ContinuedCharacteristicsTestMethodsAMoisture-Density Relations of Soils Using 10 lb. Rammerand 18-in. DropD 1557Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soil D 2216Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysisand Determination of Soil ConstantsD 2217Classification of Soils for En
30、gineering Purposes D 2487Description of Soils D 2488Field Procedures:Investigating and Sampling Soil and Rock for EngineeringPurposesD 420Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings D 1452Density of Soil In Place by Sand-Cone Method D 1556Penetration Test and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils D 15
31、86Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils D 1587Density of Soil in Place by Rubber-Balloon Method D 2167Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate in Place by NuclearMethodsD 2922Density of Soil In Place by Drive-Cylinder Method D 2937Moisture Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate In Place byNuclear MethodsD 3017Fi
32、eld Permeability Tests in Boreholes (7)Materials:Coarse Materials:Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils D 2049Permeability of Granular Soils, Constant Head D 2434Direct Shear Test of Soils under Consolidated DrainedConditionsD 3080Fine Materials:Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil D 21
33、66Permeability of Fine Materials, Falling Head (5)Permeability of Fine Materials, Flexible Wall D 5084Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil D 2573Unconsolidated, Undrained Compressive Strength ofCohesive Soils in Triaxial CompressionD 2850Cemented Materials:Wetting-and-Drying Tests of Compacted Soi
34、l-CementMixturesD 559Freezing-and-Thawing Tests of Compacted Soil-CementMixturesD 560Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders D 1633Permeability of Fine Materials, Falling Head (5)Triaxial Compressive Strength of Undrained Rock CoreSpecimens Without Pore Pressure MeasurementsD 2664Fly As
35、h and Other Pozzolans for Use with Lime C 593Lime for Use with Pozzolans C 821Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Natural MineralAggregatesC 294Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete C 295Anhydrous Minerals and Organic Materials as Sources ofDistress in Concrete, W. C. Hansen(1
36、)Reactions of Aggregates Involving Solubility, Oxidation,Sulfates, or Sulfides, Richard C. Mielenz(2)The Handbook of Concrete AggregatesA Petrographic andTechnological Evaluation, L. Dolar Mantuani(3)EnvironmentExtraction Procedures:Extraction of Trace Elements with Sediments D 3974Shake Extraction
37、of Solid Waste with Water D 3987EPA Extraction Procedure (6)ATest Methods are ASTM procedures except as noted.5.2 Some by-product and waste materials contain constitu-ents that may produce volume changes that would not bedetected by the standard procedures listed in Table 1. Volumeincreases may be c
38、aused by chemical reactions such asoxidation or hydration and by long-time increases in moisturecontent. Decreases in volume and loss of stability can resultfrom drying over a long period of time or from the dissolutionof soluble constituents. Problems may also result from othereffects of chemical a
39、nd physical weathering processes or fromattack by fill constituents on structures with which it is incontact. Wastes that have no prior performance record shouldbe subjected to chemical, geotechnical, and petrographic stud-ies to determine the presence of constituents known to producesuch effects. I
40、nformation helpful in such investigations may beE 850 95 (2007)3found in Descriptive Nomenclature C 294, Guide C 295, and inthe literature by Hansen (1),5Mielenz (2), and Mantuani (3).6. Construction Practice6.1 Construction of a fill with process waste should conformto standard practices employed w
41、ith conventional fill materials.Methods such as those described in the U.S. Department of theInterior Earth Manual (4) and the Corps of Engineers SoilTesting Manual (5) are suitable construction practices. Inspec-tion of the fill should be made during construction to ensurethat fill construction spe
42、cifications are fulfilled.7. Special Provisions7.1 Materials having predicted in situ coefficients of perme-ability less than 1 3 107cm/s and adequate engineeringproperties, including shear strength, compressibility, solublesalts, etc. (see Table 1, Materials) may be suitable for fillconstruction wh
43、en placed a minimum of 5 ft (1.5 m) above thehistorical high-water table.7.2 The following provisions apply when process wastesused as fill materials produce concentrations of constituents inthe leachate that exceed acceptable limits as determined byTest Method D 3987 or the EPA method (6).7.2.1 Fil
44、ls having predicted effective coefficients of perme-ability greater than 1 3 105cm/s shall have environmentallyacceptable underdrain and leachate collection and disposalsystems.7.2.2 Fills having predicted effective coefficients of perme-ability less than 1 3 105cm/s do not require leachate collec-t
45、ion and treatment systems provided that surfaces exposed tothe environment are sloped so that the minimum predictedrunoff from the surfaces is 90 % of the incident precipitationand provided the materials are placed a minimum of 5 ft (1.5m) above the historical high-water table where the coefficiento
46、f permeability of the subsoil is greater than 1 3 105cm/s.7.3 In situ monitoring of fill permeability and integrity maybe required during and following fill construction to ensure thatthe performance of the fill as constructed is adequate. Thedesign, implementation, and interpretation of in situ per
47、meabil-ity tests shall be accomplished under the direction of theengineer.NOTE 1These special provisions are industry standards. The user isadvised to contact local, state, and federal environmental agencies aboutthe regulations dealing with the placement of regulated materials outsidethe limits of
48、a permitted landfill.REFERENCES(1) Hansen, W. C., “Anhydrous Minerals and Organic Materials asSources of Distress in Concrete,” Highway Research Record No. 43,National Research Council/Transportation Research Board, 1983, pp.17.(2) Mielenz, R. C., “Reactions of Aggregates Involving Solubility, Oxi-d
49、ation, Sulfates, or Sulfides,” Highway Research Record No. 43,National Research Council/Transportation Research Board, 1983, pp.818.(3) Mantuani, L. D., The Handbook of Concrete AggregatesA Petro-graphic and Technological Evaluation, Noyes Publication, Mill Rd.,Park Ridge, NJ, 07656, 1983.(4) U.S. Department of the Interior, Earth Manual, (Second Edition),1974.(5) Corps of Engineers Soil Testing Manual, 1110-2, 1906.(6) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Federal Register, Environ-mental Protection Agency, EPA Publication No. SW-846, Sept. 13,1979.(7) Fie
