1、Designation: E850 10Standard Guide forCharacterization of Inorganic Process Wastes for Use asStructural Fill1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidance for use of selected processwastes as structural fills by listing representative test methodsf
3、or predicting and evaluating those physical characteristics ofwaste that are related to the integrity of fills and to protectionof ground and surface waters.1.2 Table 1 lists references which provide engineeringpractices and test procedures that may be applied to processwaste for use as structural f
4、ill.1.3 This guide includes approaches for the environmentalassessment of process wastes prior to application.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-crete AggregatesC295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregatesfor ConcreteC593 Specifi
5、cation for FlyAsh and Other Pozzolans for UseWith Lime for Soil StabilizationC821 Specification for Lime for Use with PozzolansD420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples forParticle-Size Analysis and Determin
6、ation of Soil Con-stantsD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD559 Test Methods for Wetting and Drying CompactedSoil-Cement MixturesD560 Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing CompactedSoil-Cement MixturesD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for
7、Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1140 Test Methods for Amount of Material in Soils Finerthan No. 200 (75-m) SieveD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling
8、 byAugerBoringsD1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by Sand-Cone MethodD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils
9、D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD1633 Test Methods for Compressive Strength of MoldedSoil-Cement CylindersD2049 Test Method for Relative Density of CohesionlessSoils3D2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD2167 Test Method f
10、or Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Rubber Balloon MethodD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2434 Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils(Constant Head)D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for EngineeringPur
11、poses (Unified Soil Classification System)D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)D2573 Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in CohesiveSoil1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of S
12、ubcommittee D34.03 on Treatment,Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E850 95(2007). DOI:10.1520/E0850-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
13、 ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbo
14、r Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D2664 Test Method for Triaxial Compressive Strength ofUndrained Rock Core Specimens Without Pore PressureMeasurements4D2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained TriaxialCompression Test on Cohesive SoilsD2937 Test Method for D
15、ensity of Soil in Place by theDrive-Cylinder MethodD3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils UnderConsolidated Drained ConditionsD3974 Practices for Extraction of Trace Elements fromSedimentsD3987 Test Method for Shake Extraction of Solid Wastewith WaterD4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Pl
16、astic Limit, andPlasticity Index of SoilsD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD6938 Test Method for In-Place Density and Water Contentof Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (ShallowDepth)3. Terminology3.1 D
17、efinitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 cemented materials, nmaterials consisting of one ormore substances that develop hardness by chemical reactionafter placement of the material in a fill.3.1.2 coarse material, nmaterial coarser than a No. 200(75-m) U.S. standard sieve.3.1.3 effective
18、 coeffcient of permeability, nthe coefficientof permeability that characterizes a fill and is the result ofcombined materials characteristics and construction techniquesincluding compaction, capping, placement of impermeablelayers, etc.3.1.4 fill material, n material used in the construction of astr
19、uctural fill.3.1.5 fine material, n material finer than No. 200 (75-m)U.S. standard sieve.3.1.6 leachate, nliquid that has percolated through orpassed over a solid waste or other medium and containsdissolved or suspended materials, or both, from the medium.3.1.7 process waste, ninorganic by-product
20、materialssuch as mine tailings, culm piles, coal processing conversionand combustion wastes, cement and limekiln dust, by-productgypsum, and chemically treated compositions made from thesewastes or waste mixtures.3.1.8 structural fill, nman-made deposits of solid materi-als. Examples include backfil
21、ls, landfills, embankments, earthdams, linings and blankets, foundations, canals, road base,footings, and trenches.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended for inorganic process wastesthat can be used as replacements for natural material such assoil or rock suitable for construction appl
22、ications. Selection ofappropriate and feasible fill materials and selection of appli-cable materials, tests, and specifications to facilitate construc-tion and environmental protection are the responsibility of thedesign engineer. This practice is intended to encourage widerutilization of waste mate
23、rials.5. Determination of Material Characteristics5.1 Table 1 contains representative test methods recom-mended for determining and evaluating characteristics ofprocess wastes, of either candidate or in situ fill materials.Appropriate numerical values of materials characteristics willvary depending
24、on design requirements and are selected on thebasis of accepted engineering practice and regulatory require-ments. Testing of process wastes that may result in chemicalreactions or contain cementitious materials should be per-formed on specimens that have been cured and aged toduplicate in situ cond
25、itions as closely as possible. Examples ofsuch test procedures are listed in Table 1 under CementedMaterials. Cured specimens carefully removed from the fillmay be used in carrying out the laboratory or field procedures(Table 1). Solubility of the waste material must be suitable forthe intended use.
26、TABLE 1 Representative Test Methods Recommended for Determining and Evaluating Characteristics of Process Wastes Suitable forFill ConstructionCharacteristicsTestMethodsAGeneral:Laboratory Procedures:Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for Particle-Size Analysisand Determination of Soils ConstantsD421Par
27、ticle-Size Analysis of Soils D422Liquid Limit of Soils D4318Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils D4318Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids D653Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using 5.5 lb Rammerand 12-in. DropD698Specific Gravity of Soils D854Amount of Materials in Soi
28、ls Finer than the No. 200 Sieve D1140Moisture-Density Relations of Soils Using 10 lb. Rammerand 18-in. DropD1557Laboratory Determination of Moisture Content of Soil D2216Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes D24874Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referen
29、cedon www.astm.org.E850 102TABLE 1 ContinuedCharacteristicsTestMethodsADescription of Soils D2488Field Procedures:Investigating and Sampling Soil and Rock for EngineeringPurposesD420Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings D1452Density of Soil In Place by Sand-Cone Method D1556Penetration Te
30、st and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils D1586Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils D1587Density of Soil in Place by Rubber-Balloon Method D2167Density of Soil In Place by Drive-Cylinder Method D2937In-Place Density and Water Content of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth)D6938Field
31、Permeability Tests in Boreholes (7)Materials:Coarse Materials:Relative Density of Cohesionless Soils D2049Permeability of Granular Soils, Constant Head D2434Direct Shear Test of Soils under Consolidated DrainedConditionsD3080Fine Materials:Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil D2166Permea
32、bility of Fine Materials, Falling Head (5)Permeability of Fine Materials, Flexible Wall D5084Field Vane Shear Test in Cohesive Soil D2573Unconsolidated, Undrained Compressive Strength ofCohesive Soils in Triaxial CompressionD2850Cemented Materials:Wetting-and-Drying Tests of Compacted Soil-CementMix
33、turesD559Freezing-and-Thawing Tests of Compacted Soil-CementMixturesD560Compressive Strength of Molded Soil-Cement Cylinders D1633Permeability of Fine Materials, Falling Head (5)Triaxial Compressive Strength of Undrained Rock CoreSpecimens Without Pore Pressure MeasurementsD2664Fly Ash and Other Poz
34、zolans for Use with Lime C593Lime for Use with Pozzolans C821Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Natural MineralAggregatesC294Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete C295Anhydrous Minerals and Organic Materials as Sources ofDistress in Concrete, W. C. Hansen(1)Reactions of Aggre
35、gates Involving Solubility, Oxidation,Sulfates, or Sulfides, Richard C. Mielenz(2)The Handbook of Concrete AggregatesA Petrographic andTechnological Evaluation, L. Dolar Mantuani(3)EnvironmentExtraction Procedures:Extraction of Trace Elements with Sediments D3974Shake Extraction of Solid Waste with
36、Water D3987EPA Extraction Procedure (6)ATest Methods are ASTM procedures except as noted.5.2 Some by-product and waste materials contain constitu-ents that may produce volume changes that would not bedetected by the standard procedures listed in Table 1. Volumeincreases may be caused by chemical rea
37、ctions such asoxidation or hydration and by long-time increases in moisturecontent. Decreases in volume and loss of stability can resultfrom drying over a long period of time or from the dissolutionof soluble constituents. Problems may also result from othereffects of chemical and physical weatherin
38、g processes or fromattack by fill constituents on structures with which it is incontact. Wastes that have no prior performance record shouldbe subjected to chemical, geotechnical, and petrographic stud-ies to determine the presence of constituents known to producesuch effects. Information helpful in
39、 such investigations may befound in Descriptive Nomenclature C294, Guide C295, and inthe literature by Hansen (1),5Mielenz (2), and Mantuani (3).6. Construction Practice6.1 Construction of a fill with process waste should conformto standard practices employed with conventional fill materials.Methods
40、 such as those described in the U.S. Department of theInterior Earth Manual (4) and the Corps of Engineers SoilTesting Manual (5) are suitable construction practices. Inspec-tion of the fill should be made during construction to ensurethat fill construction specifications are fulfilled.5The boldface
41、 numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E850 1037. Environmental Considerations7.1 Unless otherwise preapproved for application as struc-tural fill, all process wastes and process materials underconsideration for use as structural fill should be evaluated t
42、oassess their environmental impact prior to use. Testing mayconsist of a combination of batch (shake) extraction, column orpercolation test, or tank leach test depending on the specifics ofthe proposed placement (e.g., fill permeability, fill geometry,water contact mode, infiltration rate, etc). The
43、 user is advisedto contact local, state and federal environmental agencies aboutregulations dealing with the testing and evaluation of processwastes and materials for fill application.7.2 Process wastes identified as hazardous waste or other-wise regulated waste may not be acceptable for use asstruc
44、tural fill. The user is advised to contact local, state, andfederal agencies regarding regulations dealing with potentialplacement of hazardous or regulated material.7.3 Process wastes and materials that may cause adverseenvironmental impact when placed as structural fill may not beacceptable as fil
45、l materials without additional considerations(e.g., underlayment, leachate collection, monitoring and miti-gation processes). If such materials are proven or suspected toresult in measureable environmental impact, the user is advisedto contact local, state, and federal environmental agenciesregardin
46、g regulations on testing, evaluation and application.REFERENCES(1) Hansen, W. C., “Anhydrous Minerals and Organic Materials asSources of Distress in Concrete,” Highway Research Record No. 43,National Research Council/Transportation Research Board, 1983, pp.17.(2) Mielenz, R. C., “Reactions of Aggreg
47、ates Involving Solubility, Oxi-dation, Sulfates, or Sulfides,” Highway Research Record No. 43,National Research Council/Transportation Research Board, 1983, pp.818.(3) Mantuani, L. D., The Handbook of Concrete AggregatesA Petro-graphic and Technological Evaluation, Noyes Publication, Mill Rd.,Park R
48、idge, NJ, 07656, 1983.(4) U.S. Department of the Interior, Earth Manual, (Second Edition),1974.(5) Corps of Engineers Soil Testing Manual, 1110-2, 1906.(6) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Federal Register, Envi-ronmental Protection Agency, EPA Publication No. SW-846, Sept. 13,1979.(7) Field
49、Permeability Tests in Boreholes, U.S. Dept. of Interior, FederalRegistar, U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Docu-ments, Washington, DC.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical comm
