1、Designation: E 867 06Standard Terminology Relating toVehicle-Pavement Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 867; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenth
2、eses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers definitions for approved stan-dards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 onVehicle-Pavement Systems. Definitions of ter
3、ms specific to anindividual standard are listed in the appendix. For additionalinformation, see Terminology D8, Terminology F 538, SpecialReport 1132.2, and SAE J 2047, or contact ISO, PIARC, orCEN.1.2 Other publications may reference this terminology forterms used therein.1.3 The standard containin
4、g the term and the responsiblesubcommittee of Committee E17 is listed at the end of eachdefinition. Revision of the listed standard by that subcommitteewill include review of the definition and approved changes oradditions will be incorporated herein.1.4 The terms in this terminology standard are li
5、sted incategories of the five groups of Committee E17. These aredefinitions that are in multiple standards in various subcom-mittees in Groups II to V. The structure of E17 is as follows:Group II on Skid Resistance, E17.21, E17.22, E17.23, E17.24,Group III Roughness E17.31,E17.32, Group IV PavementM
6、anagement E17.41, and Group V Intelligent TransportationSystems E17.51, E17.52, E17.54.1.5 This terminology lists the definition as presented in theapproved standards. Variation of any term is also listed andreferenced to the defined term (for example the term hydro-planing, viscous is also listed a
7、nd referenced to the definedviscous hydroplaning).1.6 The term and its elements should appear in the follow-ing order; term; abbreviation; symbol; dimensions of quanti-ties, measurement units; part of a speech; delimiting phrase;statement of meaning, including specifications limits whereapplicable;
8、cross references to synonyms or related terms;attribution.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D8 Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pave-mentsE 274 Test Method for Skid Resistance of Paved SurfacesUsing a Full-Scale TireE 556 Test Method for Calibrating a Wheel Force or TorqueTra
9、nsducer Using a Calibration Platform (User Level)E 950 Test Method for Measuring the Longitudinal Profileof Traveled Surfaces with an Accelerometer EstablishedInertial Profiling ReferenceE 965 Test Method for Measuring Pavement MacrotextureDepth Using a Volumetric TechniqueE 1166 Guide for Network L
10、evel Pavement ManagementE 1170 Practices for Simulating Vehicular Response toLongitudinal Profiles of Traveled SurfacesE 1215 Specification for Trailers Used for Measuring Ve-hicular Response to Road RoughnessE 1274 Test Method for Measuring Pavement RoughnessUsing a ProfilographE 1318 Specification
11、 for Highway Weigh-In-Motion (WIM)Systems with User Requirements and Test MethodsE 1337 Test Method for Determining Longitudinal PeakBraking Coefficient of Paved Surfaces Using a StandardReference Test TireE 1448 Practice for Calibration of Systems Used for Mea-suring Vehicular Response to Pavement
12、RoughnessE 1489 Practice for Computing Ride Number of Roadsfrom Longitudinal Profile Measurements Made by anInertial Profile Measuring DeviceE 1656 Guide for Classification of Automated PavementCondition Survey EquipmentE 1703/E 1703M Test Method for Measuring Rut-Depth ofPavement Surfaces Using a S
13、traightedgeE 1778 Terminology Relating to Pavement Distress1This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle- Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.14 onTerminology.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapp
14、roved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 867 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM web
15、site.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 1845 Practice for Calculating Pavement MacrotextureMean Profile DepthE 1859 Test Method for Friction Coefficient MeasurementsBetween Tire and Pavement Using a Variable Slip Tech-
16、niqueE 1889 Guide for Pavement Management ImplementationE 1926 Practice for Computing International RoughnessIndex of Roads from Longitudinal Profile MeasurementsE 1927 Guide for Conducting Subjective Pavement RideQuality RatingsF 538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per-formance of T
17、ires2.2 Transportation Research Board Standard:Special Report 113, Standard Nomenclature and Definitionsfor Pavement Components and Deficiencies32.3 SAE Standard:SAE J2047 Tire Performance Terminology42.4 NIST Handbook:National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)Handbook 4453. Definitions t
18、hat are in Multiple Standardsindex, n(synonymous with “number in Committee E17usage, for example; PSI, RN), a number or formula express-ing some property, form, ratio, etc. of the relation orproportion of one amount or dimension to another.(E 867, E 17.14)DISCUSSION“Numeric” and “metric” also have m
19、eanings which aresynonymous with index. However, either number or index is thepreferred term for use in Committee E17 standards.pavement characteristic, na physical feature or property ofa pavement surface such as type, roughness, texture, andskid resistance. (E 867, E 17.14)present serviceability,
20、nthe current condition of a pavement(traveled surface) as perceived by the traveling public.(E 867, E 17.14)present serviceability rating (PSR), na mean rating of theserviceability of a pavement (traveled surface) establishedby a rating panel under controlled conditions. The acceptedscale for highwa
21、ys is 0 to 5, with 5 being excellent.(E 867, E 17.14)traveled surface, nany man-made, solid surface for vehicu-lar travel, for example, highways, runways, rails, guideways.(E 867, E 17.14)weigh-in-motion, nthe process of estimating a movingvehicles gross weight and the portion of that weight that is
22、carried by each wheel, axle, and axle group, or a combina-tion thereof, by measurement and analysis of dynamicvehicle tire forces. (E 1318, E 17.52)4. Definitions of Technical Group on Skid Resistancebaselength, nthe length of a segment of a pavement mac-rotexture profile being analyzed required to
23、be 100 mm.(E 1845, E 17.23)calibration platformon a moving platform for applying aforce in the contact plane of a tire, and associated means formeasuring the applied force. The calibration platform con-sists of a rigid plate with a high friction surface, in contactwith the tire footprint, supported
24、on a frictionless, preferablyair, bearing. It may also be instrumented to measure verticalforces (loads). (E 556, E 17.21)calibration reference signalsrepeatable signals in the rangeof expected wheel-force transducer system loading. Thesesignals could either be constant voltages or preferablyproduce
25、d by a strain-gage calibration shunt resistor.(E 556, E 17.21)chirp test, nthe progressive application of brake torquerequired to produce the maximum value of longitudinalbraking force that will occur prior to wheel lockup, withsubsequent brake release to prevent any wheel lockup (tireslide). (E 133
26、7, E 17.21)crosstalk, nthe undesired effect of force readings appearingon an unloaded axis of a transducer while applying force toanother. (E 556, E 17.21)dynamic hydroplaning, nhydroplaning of pneumatic tireswith separation caused by a thick fluid film due principallyto the generation of fluid iner
27、tial forces. (E 867, E 17.14)estimated texture depth, (ETD), nthe estimate of meantexture depth (MTD), by means of a linear transformation ofmean profile depth (MPD). (E 1845, E 17.23)horizontal traction (traction)a force acting in a horizontalaxis through the wheel transducer; that is, locked wheel
28、 dragforce. (E 556, E 17.21)hydroplaning (aquaplaning) of pneumatic tires, na phe-nomenon that occurs when the load-bearing surface of apneumatic tire is separated from a solid surface by asubstance (usually a fluid and usually water).(E 867, E 17.14)hydroplaning, dynamicsee dynamic hydroplaning.hyd
29、roplaning, rubber reversionsee rubber reversion hy-droplaning.hydroplaning, viscoussee viscous hydroplaning.hydroplaning speed, nthe initial speed at which a pneu-matic tire begins to full dynamic hydroplaning under a givenset of conditions. (E 867, E 17.14)hysteresisthe maximum difference between c
30、orrespondingtransducer outputs (of the wheel force transducer system) atincreasing and decreasing applied calibration force, ex-pressed as a percentage of full load output. Proven outliersare excluded. (E 556, E 17.21)mean profile depth (MPD), nthe average of all of the meansegment depths of all seg
31、ments of the profile.(E 1845, E 17.23)mean segment depth, nthe average value of the profiledepth of the two halves of a segment having a givenbaselength. (E 1845, E 17.23)mean texture depth (MTD), nthe mean depth of the3Available from Transportation Research Board, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Wash-ington,
32、 DC, 20001.4Available from Society for Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.5Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 BureauDrive, Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460.E867062pavement surface macrotexture determined by the volumet-ric tec
33、hnique of Test Method E 965. (E 1845, E 17.23)nonlinearitythe maximum deviation of the transducer out-put(s) (of the wheel force transducer system) from thebest-fit linear relation to the applied calibration force,expressed as a percentage of full scale. Proven outliers areexcluded. (E 556, E 17.21)
34、pavement macrotexture, nthe deviations of a pavementsurface from a true planar surface with the characteristicdimensions of wavelength and amplitude from 0.5 mm (0.2in.) up to those that no longer affect tire-pavement interac-tion. (E 965, E 17.23)pavement-micro texture (micro-rugosity), nthe deviat
35、ionsof a pavement surface from a true planar surface withcharacteristic dimensions of wavelength and amplitude lessthan 0.5 mm (0.2 in.). (E 867, E 17.14)profile depth, nthe difference between the amplitude mea-surements pavement macrotexture profile and a horizontalline through the top of the highe
36、st peak within a givenbaselength. (E 1845, E 17.23)rubber reversion hydroplaning, nhydroplaning of pneu-matic tires with separation caused by devulcanized rubber.(E 867, E 17.14)skid number (friction number), nthe number that is used toreport the results of a pavement skid test conducted inaccordanc
37、e with Test Method E 274. (E 867, E 17.14)skid number-percent normalized gradient, nthe speedgradient divided by the skid number, both at the same speedand multiplied by 100. The percent normalized gradient isusually designated by the symbol PNGvwhere v is the speedat which the percent normalized gr
38、adient is determined.(E 867, E 17.14)PNGv5 100G/SN!v(1)skid number-speed gradient, nthe slope of skid numberversus speed multiplied by 1. The gradient is normallydesignated by the symbol Gv, where v is the speed at whichthe slope is determined, SN is the skid number, and V is thespeed:Gv52dSN / dV!,
39、 that may be approximated by: (2)2SN12 SN2!/V12 V2!(E 867, E 17.14)skid resistance (friction number), nthe ability of thetraveled surface to prevent the loss of tire traction. (E 867,E 17.14)test wheela wheel and test tire assembly mounted to a testvehicle by means of a force or torque transducer. (
40、E 556,E 17.21)texture shape factor, naverage of weighted sum of theratios of amplitude to wavelength, as determined from anamplitude versus wavenumber (reciprocal of wavelength)spectrum. (E 867, E 17.14)tire-wet pavement interaction, zone concept, na divisionof the load-bearing surface of a moving p
41、neumatic tire intothree basic zones; noncontact, partial contact, and contact.(E 867, E 17.14)vertical load (load)force acting in a vertical axis through thewheel transducer; that is, weight. (E 556, E 17.21)viscous hydroplaning, nhydroplaning of pneumatic tireswith separation caused by a thin fluid
42、 film due principally tothe generation of fluid viscous forces. (E 867, E 17.14)water depth-nominal, nthe nominal thickness of the waterlayer, that is, the volume of water divided by the area of thewetted pavement surface. (E 867, E 17.14)water depth-positive, nthe distance from the water surfaceto
43、the reference plane which is the top of the pavementasperities. (E 867, E 17.14)wheel force transducer systema force-to-electrical signalconverter system including transducer(s), associated signalcondition, zeroing, amplifying, recording, and monitoringinstrumentation. (E 556, E 17.21)5. Definitions
44、 of Technical Group on Roughnessaliasing, nthe spectrum of a digitized data record exists overthe range of frequencies from zero to one half the samplingfrequency. If the spectrum of the original signal extendsbeyond one half the sampling frequency, then those compo-nents of the signal at frequencie
45、s higher than one half thesampling frequency will, when digitized, be folded back intothe spectrum of the digitized signal. The excessive highfrequency components will thus be “aliased” into lowfrequency components. (E 950, E 17.33)anti-aliasing filter, na low-pass analog filter applied to theorigin
46、al analog profile signal to suppress those componentsof the signal at frequencies higher than one half the intendeddigital sampling frequency. (E 950, E 17.33)frequency domain filtering, na filtering operation per-formed by first calculating the spectrum of the profile recordand then multiplying the
47、 spectral components by the fre-quency response transfer function of the filter.(E 950, E 17.33)half-car roughness index (HRI), nan index resulting froma mathematical simulation of vehicular response to thelongitudinal profile of a pavement using the half-car simu-lation model described in Practice
48、E 1170 and a travellingspeed of 50 mph (80 km/h). (E 1448, E 17.31)DISCUSSIONUnits are in inches per mile or metres per kilometre.international roughness index (IRI), nan index computedfrom a longitudinal profile measurement using a quarter-carsimulation at a simulation speed of 50 mph (80 km/h).(E
49、1926, E 17.33)DISCUSSIONIRI is reported in either inches per mile (in./mile) ormetres per kilometre (m/km). (Note1 m/km = 63.36 inches/mile).international roughness index, truesee true internationalroughness index.longitudinal profile, nthe perpendicular deviations of thepavement surface from an established reference parallel tothe lane direction, usually measured in the wheel tracks.(E 867, E 17.14) (E 1656, E 17.41)longitudinal profile measurement, na series of elevationvalues taken at a constant interval along a wheel track.
