1、Designation: E 889 82 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forComposition or Purity of a Solid Waste Materials Stream1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 889; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the com-position of a materials stream in a solid waste resourcer
3、ecovery processing facility. The composition is determinedwith respect to one or more defined components. The resultsare used for determining the purity resulting from the operationof one or more separators, and in conjunction with Test MethodE 1108 used to measure the efficiency of a materials sepa
4、rationdevice.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to
5、establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard state-ments, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 566 Test Method for Total Moisture Content ofAggregateby DryingC 702 Practice for Reducing Fi
6、eld Samples of Aggregatesto Testing SizeD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper andPaperboard by Oven DryingD 2013 Method of Preparing Coal Samples for AnalysisD 2234 Test Methods for Collection of a Gross Sample ofCoalE 380 Practice for Use of the Interna
7、tional System of Units(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)E 1107 Method for Measuring the Throughput of Resource-Recovery Unit OperationsE 1108 Test Method for Determination of the Recovery of aProduct in a Materials Separation Device3. Terminology Definitions3.1 binary separatora device that separat
8、es a single inputfeed stream into two output or product streams.3.2 gross samplea sample representing one lot and com-posed of a number of increments on which neither reductionnor division has been performed.3.3 laboratory sample or analysis samplea portion of onegross sample representative of a lot
9、 and taken at random fromthe gross sample.3.4 polynary separatora device that separates a singleinput feed stream into three or more output product streams.3.5 purityThe purity of a stream is defined in terms of oneor more identifiable components, x, y, z, etc. The purity for anycomponent such as x
10、is the mass of x in a stream divided by thetotal mass of that stream. In some cases, the mass of x must bedefined in practical terms that relate to the origin of the feed.For example, the purity of a ferrous product magneticallyrecovered from refuse can be expressed as the purity of ferrousby proxim
11、ate analysis. Alternatively, it can be expressed as thepurity by manual sorting, with all nonferrous materials thatcannot readily be removed by hand as the contaminants. In anycase, purity must be defined for each application.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A gross sample of a preselected process strea
12、m is taken,and subdivided into four laboratory samples. Two of thelaboratory samples are analyzed for composition of the com-ponent(s) or item(s) of interest by hand-picking and weighing.The third sample is used if the results of the first two do notagree within specified limits. The composition is
13、computed asthe weight ratio of the component(s) of interest to the weight ofthe sample.4.2 The composition is expressed as the purity of the streamwith respect to the component(s) indicated.5. Significance and Use5.1 This method is used to document the ability of solidwaste resource recovery separat
14、ors to concentrate or classify aparticular component (or components) present in solid waste.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.02 onMunicipal Recovery and Reuse.Current edition approved July 30,
15、 1982. Published May 1983.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100
16、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 The purity determined in this way is used to calculatethe recovery achieved by a separator as another measure of itsperformance, according to Test Method E 1108.6. Apparatus6.1 ScalesSeveral size scales must be avail
17、able to weighgross samples and laboratory samples that will range in sizefrom less than 1 kg (2.2 lb) to more than 100 kg (220 lb). Allscales should have a precision and accuracy of 60.1 %.6.2 Sorting ApparatusThis may be any convenient worksurface, such as a table and bins as decribed by Kaiser et
18、al.36.3 Polyethylene Bags, used to store laboratory and some-times gross samples as the means of preserving their moisturecontent. These bags should be 0.10 to 0.15 mm (0.004 to 0.006in.) thick and supplied with metal ties.6.4 Laboratory Drying Oven, and general associated equip-ment are required.7.
19、 Hazards7.1 This procedure calls for the hand-picking of solid wasteand its processed fractions. Because the origin of all of thematerials is generally unknown, workers must use propersafety precautions when handling samples. Workers shall weargloves and safety glasses. When appropriate, dust masks
20、shallbe worn. Workers must be cautioned to wash their handsthoroughly before eating or smoking.7.2 Particular caution shall be exercised when collectingsamples near moving equipment.8. Sampling8.1 Samples are taken from processor streams, or separatoroutput or input streams, according to the procedu
21、res outlined inMethod E 1107.8.2 The purity is determined with respect to a particularcomponent in the stream, such as steel cans or glass. Hence,sampling and containment of samples must be done in amanner to preserve the integrity of the components beinganalyzed and the mass of the entire sample. A
22、s an example, ifa stream is to be analyzed for the purity with respect to piecesof glass larger than 10 mm (0.4 in.) in size, the sample must behandled and stored in a manner in which pieces of glass largerthan 10 mm are not broken.9. Test Specimen and Samples9.1 The size of sample is determined by
23、the particle size ofthe material in accordance with Practice D75. The size ofsample specified constitutes the gross sample.9.1.1 For particle sizes greater than 90 mm (312 in.), notincluded in Table 1, Size of Samples, of Practice D75, the sizeof sample shall be 250 kg (550 lb).9.1.2 Gross samples s
24、hall be weighed, without subdivision.9.1.3 A gross sample may be sized in accordance with thesection on Test Specimen and Samples of Method E 1107 incircumstances where Practice D75cannot be practiced.9.2 Gross samples shall be subdivided in accordance withPractice C 702 to form four laboratory samp
25、les. Each isweighed and labeled. This is recorded as “as-received weight.”9.3 Samples from wet processing steps, for example, wetscreening, spiral classification, jigging, etc., are to be weighedafter draining the water, in accordance with 11.3. The weight ofsuch samples is recorded as the “drained
26、weight.”10. Conditioning10.1 Weigh the samples immediately after being taken withdue precaution so that they neither gain nor lose weight fromnatural drying or from being left uncovered in wet or dustyareas. This is known as“ as-received weight.”10.2 Condition wet samples by draining in accordance w
27、ith11.8. This is known as “drained weight.”10.3 The weight of dry samples, either of gross or labora-tory samples, must exclude the contained moisture. Drysamples in accordance with 11.10. This is known as “dryweight.”11. Procedure11.1 Take a gross sample in accordance with the section onProcedures,
28、 in Method E 1107.11.1.1 Contain the gross sample in a moisture barriercontainer in accordance with 11.8.1 if the moisture content is tobe preserved.11.1.2 Record the weight of the gross sample.11.2 Subdivide the gross sample into four near equal parts inaccordance with Practice C702 to form four la
29、boratorysamples.11.2.1 Place the laboratory samples in moisture barriercontainers, in accordance with 11.10 if the moisture content isto be preserved.11.2.2 Record the weight of each laboratory sample.11.3 Choose two of the laboratory samples at random foranalysis; retain the other two, if needed, i
30、n accordance with11.5.1.11.4 Perform the analysis by spreading a laboratory sampleon a clean, flat surface, and hand-picking the component(s) ofinterest.11.4.1 Place the component(s) of interest in a clean, taredcontainer. If the moisture content is to be preserved, this mustbe a moisture barrier co
31、ntainer in accordance with 11.8.1.11.4.2 Carefully remove adhering tramp substances fromthe component(s) of interest. Do not remove tramp substancesthat are physically attached so as not to be readily removed byhand and classify the entire piece as either components ofinterest (accept) or not of int
32、erest (reject). Record this decisionon the data sheet.11.4.3 Record the weights of component(s) picked fromeach laboratory sample as “as-received weight.”11.5 Compute the purity of the stream in regard to thecomponent(s) of interest in accordance with Section 12.11.5.1 The computed values of the pur
33、ity of the twolaboratory samples must agree within 10 % to be accepted. Ifthey do not so agree, repeat the analysis procedure for a thirdlaboratory sample chosen at random from the remaining two.Discard the fourth sample. If the value of the purity of the thirdsample does not agree within 10 % of th
34、e value of either of the3Kaiser, E. R., “Sampling and Analysis of Solid-Incinerator Refuse andResidue,” Proceedings of 1970 National Incineration Conference, Am. Soc.Mechanical Engrs., pp. 2531.E 889 82 (2004)2first two, discard all samples, repeat the entire determinationusing a larger gross sample
35、.11.6 Hand-picking and weighing must be done withoutspillage and loss of material. Remove adhering tramp materialson the component(s) of interest that can be removed before thecomponent(s) are placed in the tared container.11.7 Record within 0.1 % all weights and in accordancewith the precautions of
36、 Section 10 and 11.8.11.8 Handle samples and weigh them in a manner topreserve the moisture content, except for samples taken from awet process or separator, as described in 11.9.11.8.1 Store laboratory samples in polyethylene bags, 0.10to 0.15 mm (0.004 to 0.006 in.) in wall thickness. Secure theba
37、gs with two metal ties at the neck, and label.11.8.2 In transferring the contents of material from a poly-ethylene bag, if the weight is to be preserved (that is, thecontents are to be transferred quantitatively), take note of anycondensed moisture or fine particulate solid materials adheringto the
38、inside of the bag. Shake out any adherent solid materialinto the sample before or after the step outlined in 11.8.3.11.8.3 If the bag contains condensed moisture, the weight ofthis moisture must be included in the weight of the sampletransferred from this bag.After the bag is emptied, weigh it andpl
39、ace it in a forced-air drying oven at 55C (130F) and dry itto constant weight. Shake out the remaining solid materials(see 11.8.1).Add the weight loss of the bag to the weight of thesample as “contained moisture.” Add the weight loss, aftershaking out solid materials, to the weight of the sample as
40、partof the solids. Determine moisture content in accordance with11.10.11.8.4 If the contents of a laboratory sample do not have tobe transferred quantitatively, 11.8.2 and 11.8.3 are not appli-cable.11.9 As mentioned in 9.3, samples from wet separators areto be weighed after draining the water. Reco
41、rd the weight as“drained weight.”11.9.1 Draining is accomplished by having the laboratorysample remain in a sieve until water is no longer observeddripping from the sieve but not longer than 1 h.11.9.2 If drained weight is used, report purity on a“ wetbasis.”11.9.3 Alternatively, samples after drain
42、ing may be dried toconstant weight to determine the moisture content in accor-dance with 11.10. Subsequently, hand-pick the dried sample forthe component(s) of interest. In this case, report the purity ona “dry basis.”11.10 The moisture content of paper or paper-like streamsor components is to be de
43、termined by Test Method D 644.Determine the moisture content of inorganic or aggregate-likestreams or components by Test Method C 566.11.10.1 The temperature of drying in these methods mayhave to be lowered to avoid damaging any of the componentsin the sample. Melting pieces of plastic beyond recogn
44、ition isan example of such damage.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the purity as a mass fraction with respect tocomponent x as follows:Purity of x 5 Px5mass of x in the streamtotal mass of the stream(1)12.2 Calculate the mass of the stream, Ms, as follows:Ms5 C 2 T (2)where:C = weight of the container
45、filled with the laboratorysample, andT = weight of that container alone.12.3 Calculate the mass of the component of interest, Mx,asfollows:Mx5 C8 2 T8 (3)where:C8 = weight of the container filled with the hand-pickedcomponent x, andT8 = the weight of that container alone.13. Report13.1 Report purity
46、, Px, of component x for each of thelaboratory samples analyzed. Report the average of the twomeasurements as the Pxfor the separator stream analyzed.13.2 The location of the separator stream as well as thecomponent(s) of interest are identified.13.3 The report must distinguish if the purity is base
47、d onas-received weight, drained weight, or dry weight. In anycase,note the amount of moisture in the component(s) of interest andin the process stream.13.4 The recommended report form is shown in Fig. 1.Complete all items.14. Precision and Bias14.1 There are not yet sufficient data available to comp
48、utethe expected precision and bias of this test method.E 889 82 (2004)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of
49、any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your c
