1、Designation: E 894 88 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forAnchorage of Permanent Metal Railing Systems and Railsfor Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes procedures to be followed intesting the performance of the anchorage of
3、 all types of newand existing permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, andramp-rail systems), and rails (hand, grab, and transfer rails)installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educa-tional, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residentialbuildings.1.2 This test method
4、is applicable to railing systems andrails having major structural components made of metal andsecondary components made of metal or other materials suchas wood, plastics, and glass.1.3 The test method described can be used to determinewhether the anchorage of permanent metal railing systems andrails
5、 complies with anticipated performance requirements.1.4 Specifically, this test method covers procedures fordetermining the static tension, shear, and moment resistance ofanchorages for permanent metal railing systems, and rails instructural elements made of concrete, masonry, wood, andmetal as well
6、 as related products.1.5 No consideration is given in this test method to anypossible deterioration of anchorage systems, resulting fromadverse environmental conditions. The performance of specialtests covering this aspect may be desirable.1.6 Should computations make it possible to provide theneede
7、d information, testing may be employed for purposes ofverification.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It
8、 is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardstatements, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E4 Practices for Force Verificatio
9、n of Testing MachinesE 488 Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concreteand Masonry ElementsE 575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests ofBuilding Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-sembliesE 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 985 Specification for Permanent Metal Ra
10、iling Systemsand Rails for Buildings3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod, see Terminology E 631 and Specification E 985.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to provide data from whichapplicable design data can be derived for a given anchora
11、ge.5. Apparatus5.1 Testing MachineAny testing machine or loading sys-tem capable of imposing forces accurate to within 61 %, whencalibrated in accordance with Practice E4, is suitable and maybe used, provided the requirements of specified rate of loadingand recovery are met. The testing device shall
12、 be of sufficientcapacity to prevent yielding of its various components andshall ensure that the applied tension load remains parallel to therelevant axis of the anchorage assembly and that the appliedshear load remains essentially parallel to the surface of thestructural anchorage element or compon
13、ent during testing.5.1.1 Tension TestSuitable systems for applying tensionforces to the anchorage assembly are shown in Fig. 1 forlaboratory testing and in Fig. 2 for field testing. The bearingplates shall be of sufficient size to prevent failure of thesurrounding structural members or components. T
14、he loading1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.56on Performance of Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings.Current edition approved Oct 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originallyapproved in
15、 1982. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 894 88 (1998).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM webs
16、ite.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.device shall be attached to the assembly by means of pins or aswivel connector to prevent the direct transfer of bendingstresses through the connection.5.1.2 Shear TestA suitable sy
17、stem for applying shearforces to the anchorage assembly normal to the plane or majoraxis of the railing is shown in Fig. 3. The loading device shallbe of sufficient strength to prevent its yielding during theultimate capacity tests on the assembly. The bearing plates andconnections shall be of suffi
18、cient size to prevent local failure ofthe structural member. The load shall be distributed by meansof a load-distribution device which makes it possible for theforce to be applied perpendicular to the long axes of theanchors. The bearing plate and other tie-down devices providea means of holding the
19、 anchorage member or component at therequired elevation throughout the test. The loading devicesshall be of such material as to reduce any damage to theloading contact area of the device to a minimum duringapplication of the shear force and shall be replaced whendamaged.5.1.3 Flexural TestA suitable
20、 system for applying tensileforces to the top of the rail post is shown in Fig. 4. Thenecessary test devices shall fulfill the requirements given in5.1.2 and be applicable to the flexural test.5.2 Anchorage Slip and Railing-System or Rail DeflectionMeasurements:5.2.1 Tension TestTwo dial gages, havi
21、ng a smallestdivision of not more than 0.025 mm (0.001 in.), or any suitablemeasurement device or calibrated sensor of at least comparableaccuracy and sensitivity shall be used to measure slip of theanchored system relative to the anchorage elements or compo-nents. The purpose of the instruments is
22、to measure the verticalmovement of the anchored system with respect to such pointson the structural members or components which can serve asreference points without being influenced by the force appliedby the anchoring system (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The slip to beused for the evaluation of the find
23、ings shall be the averagedeformation indicated by the two dial gages, measurementdevices, or sensors.5.2.2 Shear TestA single dial gage, having a smallestdivision of not more than 0.025 mm (0.001 in.), or any suitablemeasurement device or calibrated sensor of at least comparableaccuracy and sensitiv
24、ity shall be used to measure slip of theanchored system relative to the anchorage elements or compo-nents.5.2.3 Flexural TestAsingle dial gage for the test shown inFig. 4, having a smallest division of not more than 0.25 mm(0.01 in.), or any suitable measurement device or calibratedsensor of at leas
25、t comparable accuracy and sensitivity shall beused to measure the horizontal displacement of the top of therail post relative to its original location prior to load applica-tion.6. Hazards6.1 Possible injury to personnel and damage to the testequipment and instrumentation prior to, during, and after
26、 loadapplication by any unexpected release of potential strainenergy accumulated during testing can occur and must be givenconsideration.6.2 If tests are conducted in a structure and not in a testinglaboratory, exercise caution against unwanted damage to thebuilding, its components, and its finish.7
27、. Anchorage Considerations7.1 Anchorage requirements should be based on design andperformance requirements. The fastenings and fasteners usedNOTESee Test Method E 488, Fig. 1 for alternative test set-up with atesting machine in the laboratory.FIG. 1 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Tensile Forc
28、e toRail, Rail Post, Flange Plate, and Flange-Plate AnchorsFIG. 2 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Tensile Force toRail, Rail Post, Flange Plate, and Flange-Plate Anchors withField-testing DeviceE 894 88 (2004)2for the anchorage to be tested shall be designed in accordancewith the specified mat
29、erials and applicable specifications andshall be installed in accordance with the manufacturers ordesigners specification or, where specific deviations are justi-fied, in accordance with good field practice. Typical anchor-ages are shown in Appendix X1 in diagrammatic form.8. Test Selection8.1 Only
30、that particular test needs to be performed that isconsidered necessary to provide information required by therequesting party, testing agency, and regulatory body involved.9. Test Specimens9.1 Structural SystemThe structural elements and compo-nents of the structural assembly to be tested shall be i
31、naccordance with and typical of the materials and configurationsspecified, except that the overall size of the test specimens maybe reduced to such an extent that the reduction in size is provento be of no influence on the interpretation of the test data andfindings.9.2 Anchored SystemThe anchored r
32、ailings and rails to betested shall be representative of the type and lot to be used inthe actual structure.9.3 Anchorage SystemThe structural anchorage elementsand components to be tested shall be representative of theconstruction to be used in the field.NOTESee Test Methods E 488, Fig. 2, for an a
33、lternative test set-up with a testing machine in the laboratory.FIG. 3 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Shear Force to Rail Flange, Rail-Post Flange, and Flange AnchorsFIG. 4 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Force to Top ofRail Post to be Tested in Flexure for Determination of TensileLoad
34、Reactions for Rail-Post AnchorsE 894 88 (2004)39.4 Anchoring SystemThe anchoring devices to be testedshall be representative of the type and lot to be used in fieldconstruction and shall include, insofar as feasible, all accessorydevices and hardware normally required for design and use.9.5 Anchorag
35、e InstallationInstall the anchoring devicesto be tested in accordance with field installation procedures tobe used in the building for which the data are applicable.9.6 Anchorage PlacementTest all individual anchoringdevices and systems used in a given installation individually.Simultaneously test a
36、s a complete unit closely spaced anchor-ing devices and systems that may interact.10. Number of Test Specimens10.1 Determine suitable statistical parameters to evaluatethe composite variability and to select the number of specimensrequired to make a realistic determination of the performancecharacte
37、ristics of the anchorage under examination. Considertriplicate test specimens a minimum for each type of anchoragesystem to be tested under given conditions. A larger number ofspecimens may be specified depending upon the design andvariability in the quality of the anchorage devices and theanchoring
38、 elements and components.11. Conditioning11.1 Conditioning and CuringIf aging, seasoning, orcuring conditions affect the performance and capacity of theanchorage system, take appropriate measures in accordancewith the recommendations of the anchor manufacturer, to age,season, or cure the anchorage a
39、nd anchoring system prior totesting. Report such conditions in detail. Observe their physicaleffects and fully describe them in the test report.11.2 Moisture and Temperature Conditions (applicable onlyto hygroscopic products)If the prevailing moisture andtemperature conditions can affect the perform
40、ance of anchor-age systems, hold these parameters constant for a given seriesof tests on a given anchorage system. The choice of thecontrolled conditions depends on the environment of the fieldconditions to be given consideration. Such field conditions maybe simulated. Testing shall begin only after
41、 the test specimenshave reached at least an approximately stable condition withregard to temperature and moisture content.11.3 DescriptionExamples of typical test specimens areshown in Figs. 1-4 in diagrammatic form. The actual specimendesign and size depends on the specific case involved and shallb
42、e representative of anticipated field conditions.12. Procedure12.1 Positioning of Loading Systems and Rod:12.1.1 Tension Test (see Figs. 1 and 2)Position the struc-tural member or component on the support system in such away that the bearing plates are equidistant from the center ofthe anchorage dev
43、ices and spaced apart so as not to be of anyinfluence on the test findings. Thus, the failure plane of theanchorage system will not intersect with the area below thebearing plates. Position the loading device so that it is centeredover the anchorage devices to be tested. Provide uniformcontact betwe
44、en the surface of the structural members orcomponents and the support system. If unusual irregularitiesare present on the surface of the structural element or compo-nent, provide a suitable bearing medium between the structuralelement or component and the support system, such as a pasteof calcined g
45、ypsum (plaster of paris) or high-strength gypsum.Permit sufficient time before testing to develop the necessarycompressive strength of the bearing medium. For all types ofbearing media, follow the manufacturers recommendations asto their use. In the final alignment of the test specimen, ensurethat t
46、he force to be applied through the loading rod isperpendicular to the surface of the structural members orcomponents.12.1.2 Shear Test (see Fig. 3)Position and fasten thestructural members or components in the support system insuch a way that their test surfaces are parallel to the long axisof the s
47、hearing devices. For structural members with unusualcoarse-textured or finished surfaces, provide a suitable bearinglayer between the structural element or component and thesupport system with a suitable bearing material as described in12.1.1.12.1.3 Flexural Test (see Fig. 4)Position the railing pos
48、tin such a way that the load is applied to the structural memberhorizontally and essentially perpendicular to the rail withoutcausing any local failure at the point of load application.12.2 Mounting of Instruments:12.2.1 Tension TestMount the two dial gages, measure-ment devices, or sensors as shown
49、 in Figs. 1 and 2. Place thesensing elements of the instruments in contact with and normalto the surface of the structural anchorage element or compo-nent being tested in such a way as to measure displacement inthe direction of the applied load.12.2.2 Shear TestMount the single dial gage, measure-ment device, or sensor as shown in Fig. 3. Place the sensingelement of the instrument against a plate fastened to the surfaceof the structural anchorage element or component in such away as to measure displacement in the direction of the appliedload.12.2.3 Flexur
