1、Designation: E894 88 (Reapproved 2010)E894 18Standard Test Method forAnchorage of Permanent Metal Railing Systems and Railsfor Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method describes procedures to be followed in testing the performance of the anchora
3、ge of all types of new andexisting permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), and rails (hand, grab, and transfer rails) installedin and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.1.2 This test m
4、ethod is applicable to railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal and secondarycomponents made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastics, and glass.1.3 The test method described can be used to determine whether the anchorage of permanent metal railing systems
5、 and railscomplies with anticipated performance requirements.1.4 Specifically, this test method covers procedures for determining the static tension, shear, and moment resistance ofanchorages for permanent metal railing systems, and rails in structural elements made of concrete, masonry, wood, and m
6、etal aswell as related products.1.5 No consideration is given in this test method to any possible deterioration of anchorage systems, resulting from adverseenvironmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.1.6 Should computations make it possible to pro
7、vide the needed information, testing may be employed for purposes ofverification.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversionsto inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.
8、8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations pri
9、or to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issue
10、dby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE488/E488M Test Methods for Strength of Anchors in Concrete ElementsE575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests of
11、 Building Constructions, Elements, Connections, and AssembliesE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE985 Specification for Permanent Metal Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings (Withdrawn 2015)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this test method, see Terminology E631
12、 and Specification E985.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.56 on Performanceof Railing Systems and Glass for Floors and Stairs.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010April 1, 2018. Published
13、 November 2010May 2018. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20042010 asE894 88 (2004).(2010). DOI: 10.1520/E0894-88R10.10.1520/E0894-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
14、of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an i
15、ndication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to b
16、e considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is intended to provide data from which applicable design data can be derived for a given anchorage.5. Appar
17、atus5.1 Testing MachineAny testing machine or loading system capable of imposing forces accurate to within 61 %, whencalibrated in accordance with Practice E4, is suitable and may be used, provided the requirements of specified rate of loading andrecovery are met. The testing device shall be of suff
18、icient capacity to prevent yielding of its various components and shall ensurethat the applied tension load remains parallel to the relevant axis of the anchorage assembly and that the applied shear load remainsessentially parallel to the surface of the structural anchorage element or component duri
19、ng testing.5.1.1 Tension TestSuitable systems for applying tension forces to the anchorage assembly are shown in Fig. 1 for laboratorytesting and in Fig. 2 for field testing. The bearing plates shall be of sufficient size to prevent failure of the surrounding structuralmembers or components. The loa
20、ding device shall be attached to the assembly by means of pins or a swivel connector to preventthe direct transfer of bending stresses through the connection.5.1.2 Shear TestA suitable system for applying shear forces to the anchorage assembly normal to the plane or major axis ofthe railing is shown
21、 in Fig. 3. The loading device shall be of sufficient strength to prevent its yielding during the ultimate capacitytests on the assembly.The bearing plates and connections shall be of sufficient size to prevent local failure of the structural member.The load shall be distributed by means of a load-d
22、istribution device which makes it possible for the force to be appliedperpendicular to the long axes of the anchors. The bearing plate and other tie-down devices provide a means of holding theanchorage member or component at the required elevation throughout the test. The loading devices shall be of
23、 such material asto reduce any damage to the loading contact area of the device to a minimum during application of the shear force and shall bereplaced when damaged.5.1.3 Flexural TestA suitable system for applying tensile forces to the top of the rail post is shown in Fig. 4. The necessarytest devi
24、ces shall fulfill the requirements given in 5.1.2 and be applicable to the flexural test.5.2 Anchorage Slip and Railing-System or Rail Deflection Measurements:5.2.1 Tension TestTwo dial gages, having a smallest division of not more than 0.025 mm (0.001 in.), or any suitablemeasurement device or cali
25、brated sensor of at least comparable accuracy and sensitivity shall be used to measure slip of theanchored system relative to the anchorage elements or components. The purpose of the instruments is to measure the verticalmovement of the anchored system with respect to such points on the structural m
26、embers or components which can serve asreference points without being influenced by the force applied by the anchoring system (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The slip to be usedfor the evaluation of the findings shall be the average deformation indicated by the two dial gages, measurement devices, orsensor
27、s.5.2.2 Shear TestA single dial gage, having a smallest division of not more than 0.025 mm (0.001 in.), or any suitablemeasurement device or calibrated sensor of at least comparable accuracy and sensitivity shall be used to measure slip of theanchored system relative to the anchorage elements or com
28、ponents.5.2.3 Flexural TestA single dial gage for the test shown in Fig. 4, having a smallest division of not more than 0.25 mm (0.01in.), or any suitable measurement device or calibrated sensor of at least comparable accuracy and sensitivity shall be used tomeasure the horizontal displacement of th
29、e top of the rail post relative to its original location prior to load application.NOTE 1See Test Method E488/E488M, Fig. 1 for alternative test set-up with a testing machine in the laboratory.FIG. 1 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Tensile Force to Rail, Rail Post, Flange Plate, and Flange-Pla
30、te AnchorsE894 1826. Hazards6.1 Possible injury to personnel and damage to the test equipment and instrumentation prior to, during, and after load applicationby any unexpected release of potential strain energy accumulated during testing can occur and must be given consideration.6.2 If tests are con
31、ducted in a structure and not in a testing laboratory, exercise caution against unwanted damage to the building,its components, and its finish.7. Anchorage Considerations7.1 Anchorage requirements should be based on design and performance requirements. The fastenings and fasteners used forthe anchor
32、age to be tested shall be designed in accordance with the specified materials and applicable specifications and shall beinstalled in accordance with the manufacturersmanufacturers or designersdesigners specification or, where specific deviationsare justified, in accordance with good field practice.
33、Typical anchorages are shown in Appendix X1 in diagrammatic form.8. Test Selection8.1 Only that particular test needs to be performed that is considered necessary to provide information required by the requestingparty, testing agency, and regulatory body involved.or Authority Having Jurisdiction (AH
34、J), or combinations thereof.9. Test Specimens9.1 Structural SystemThe structural elements and components of the structural assembly to be tested shall be in accordancewith and typical of the materials and configurations specified, except that the overall size of the test specimens may be reducedto s
35、uch an extent that the reduction in size is proven to be of no influence on the interpretation of the test data and findings.9.2 Anchored SystemThe anchored railings and rails to be tested shall be representative of the type and lot to be used in theactual structure.9.3 Anchorage SystemThe structura
36、l anchorage elements and components to be tested shall be representative of theconstruction to be used in the field.9.4 Anchoring SystemThe anchoring devices to be tested shall be representative of the type and lot to be used in fieldconstruction and shall include, insofar as feasible, all accessory
37、 devices and hardware normally required for design and use.9.5 Anchorage InstallationInstall the anchoring devices to be tested in accordance with field installation procedures to be usedin the building for which the data are applicable.FIG. 2 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Tensile Force to R
38、ail, Rail Post, Flange Plate, and Flange-Plate Anchors with Field-testingDeviceE894 183NOTE 1See Test Methods E488/E488M, Fig. 2, for an alternative test set-up with a testing machine in the laboratory.FIG. 3 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Shear Force to Rail Flange, Rail-Post Flange, and Fla
39、nge AnchorsFIG. 4 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Force to Top of Rail Post to be Tested in Flexure for Determination of Tensile Load Reac-tions for Rail-Post AnchorsE894 1849.6 Anchorage PlacementTest all individual anchoring devices and systems used in a given installation individually.Simul
40、taneously test as a complete unit closely spaced anchoring devices and systems that may interact.10. Number of Test Specimens10.1 Determine suitable statistical parameters to evaluate the composite variability and to select the number of specimensrequired to make a realistic determination of the per
41、formance characteristics of the anchorage under examination. Considertriplicate test specimens a minimum forTest a minimum of three specimens of each type of anchorage system to be tested underforeach set of given conditions. A larger number of specimens may be specified depending upon the design an
42、d variability in thequality of the anchorage devices and the anchoring elements and components.11. Conditioning11.1 Conditioning and CuringIf aging, seasoning, or curing conditions affect the performance and capacity of the anchoragesystem, take appropriate measures in accordance with the recommenda
43、tions of the anchor manufacturer, to age, season, or curethe anchorage and anchoring system prior to testing. Report such conditions in detail. Observe their physical effects and fullydescribe them in the test report.11.2 Moisture and Temperature Conditions (applicable only to hygroscopic products)I
44、f the prevailing moisture andtemperature conditions can affect the performance of anchorage systems, hold these parameters constant for a given series of testson a given anchorage system. The choice of the controlled conditions depends on the environment of the field conditions to begiven considerat
45、ion. Such field conditions may be simulated. Testing shall begin only after the test specimens have reached at leastan approximately stable condition with regard to temperature and moisture content.11.3 DescriptionExamples of typical test specimens are shown in Figs. 1-4 in diagrammatic form. The ac
46、tual specimen designand size depends on the specific case involved and shall be representative of anticipated field conditions.12. Procedure12.1 Positioning of Loading Systems and Rod:12.1.1 Tension Test (see Figs. 1 and 2)Position the structural member or component on the support system in such a w
47、ay thatthe bearing plates are equidistant from the center of the anchorage devices and spaced apart so as not to be of any influence onthe test findings. Thus, the failure plane of the anchorage system will not intersect with the area below the bearing plates. Positionthe loading device so that it i
48、s centered over the anchorage devices to be tested. Provide uniform contact between the surface ofthe structural members or components and the support system. If unusual irregularities are present on the surface of the structuralelement or component, provide a suitable bearing medium between the str
49、uctural element or component and the support system,such as a paste of calcined gypsum (plaster of paris) or high-strength gypsum. Permit sufficient time before testing to develop thenecessary compressive strength of the bearing medium. For all types of bearing media, follow the manufacturersmanufacturersrecommendations as to their use. In the final alignment of the test specimen, ensure that the force to be applied through the loadingrod is perpendicular to the surface of the structural members or components.12.1.2 Shear Test (see Fig. 3)Position a
