1、Designation: E938 05 (Reapproved 2011)1Standard Test Method forEffectiveness of Liquid, Gel, or Cream Insecticides AgainstAdult Human Lice1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E938; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in April 2011.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the ef
3、fectiveness of pedicu-licidal materials in liquid, gel, or cream form, against the adulthuman louse, Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus, thesurrogate subspecies for the human head louse (P.h. capitis).(Only gels or creams that liquefy at 32C (90F) can be tested).1.2 This test method is for the use o
4、f those wishing todevelop efficacy data, or to compare formulations for headlouse control.1.3 This test method consists of five replicates for a statis-tical comparison of formulations.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for inform
5、ationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Te
6、rminology2.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 morbidunable to move towards heat 1 h aftertreatment: sickly, but not necessarily dying; may recover by 24h.2.1.2 moribundunable to move towards heat (and there-fore food) 24 h after treatment; dying.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 Five
7、 replicates of 25 lice each, plus five control repli-cates for each batch of lice, shall be used for each testconcentration or any other variable tested.3.2 Percent mortality, corrected by Abbotts Formula, isdetermined.24. Significance and Use4.1 This test method should provide a consistent approach
8、both in terms of test insects and test procedures for thegathering of efficacy data for pediculicides.4.2 Data collection in this manner should be suitable forproduct development and comparison. In addition, it should besuitable for review by regulatory agencies.5. Apparatus and Materials5.1 Test Co
9、ntainerA 9-dram plastic vial, screened at thebottom with 20-mesh screen, shall be used as the dippingvessel. A plunger, made from a plastic rod, and a circularscreen fits inside the vial. Plastics used should be as chemicallyunreactive as possible. Plastic vials are to be discarded aftereach test.5.
10、2 BeakersA 100-mL beaker is used to contain theinsecticide into which the test container is dipped. A1000-mLbeaker is used as the container in which the lice are washedafter treatment.5.3 Heating SurfaceA slide dryer, that will provide heatof approximately 37C (98F), is adequate.5.4 IncubatorThe inc
11、ubator shall be capable of maintain-ing a temperature of 31.7C (89F) and 60 % RH.5.5 Petri dishes, 8.9 cm in diameter and 1.3 cm deep.5.6 WaterbathCapable of maintaining 32C (90F).5.7 Dark Cotton Corduroy,4by4cm.5.8 Paper Toweling, Stop Watch, Forceps or Camel HairBrush, and Wash Bottle.1This test m
12、ethod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 onPesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Methods and is the directresponsibility of Subcommittee E35.12 on Insect Control Agents.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published April 2011. Originallyapproved in 1983. Last previous
13、edition approved in 2005 as E938 05. DOI:10.1520/E0938-05R11E01.2Abbott, W. S., “A Method of Computing the Effectiveness of An Insecticide,”Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol 18, 1925, pp. 265267.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Un
14、ited States.5.9 Test InsectThe test insect is the human body louse,Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus. The present strain wasestablished from the USDA Gainesville strain.3It is a suscep-tible strain and, through selection, has adapted to a rabbit host.5.10 Host AnimalNew Zealand white rabbits.6. Rea
15、ring of Test Insects6.1 Collect eggs at 2-day intervals. This can be done whenthe corduroy patch is placed on the rabbit. The adult lice leavethe patch to feed. The patch is then removed from the rabbit.Any lice that do remain on the patch, should be removed.6.2 Place the patch containing eggs in a
16、plastic container (10by 7 cm) with a screened lid, and note the date on the container.Place the container in an incubator that is maintained at 31.7Cand 60 % RH.6.3 The eggs will hatch in approximately 7 days and a bloodmeal should be provided on day 7.6.4 Provide blood meals daily. Allow the lice t
17、o feed on theshaved abdomen of a restrained rabbit. The rabbit is placed onits back on the restraining rack for approximately 30 min.Collect the lice after feeding by moving the corduroy patchesback and forth gently over the shaved area of the rabbit. Mostof the lice will attach to the patch. Pick u
18、p any remaining licewith a forceps or camels hair brush.6.5 Lice used for testing are usually 17 (6) 1 day old (asdetermined from the date of the first blood meal).6.6 Keep adult lice, for egg laying purposes, approximatelythree weeks (from time of hatching) and then discard.7. Procedure7.1 Place 25
19、 adult lice, mixed sexes, in the bottom of the9-dram test container. Insert the screened plunger to keep thelice from floating to the surface.7.2 Place the pediculicide to be tested in a 100-mL beakerand introduce the beaker into a waterbath maintained at 32C.Allow the test formulation temperature t
20、o stabilize prior totesting.7.3 Place the 9-dram vial in the 100-mLpediculicide beaker,and keep the lice under the pediculicide for a suggested time of10 min., (other times may be used, as dictated by the type offormulation).7.4 Remove the test container and blot the bottom of thecontainer to remove
21、 any remaining liquid.7.5 Place the 9-dram vial into the 1000-mL beaker contain-ing distilled water at 32C and agitate the container. At the endof 1 min, remove container, and gently wash the lice in astream of distilled water (32C) from the wash bottle for 1 min.7.6 Blot excess water with paper tow
22、eling.7.7 Transfer the lice to a clean 4 by 4-cm patch of darkcorduroy cloth. Use a camel hair brush to remove any lice thatremain in the container. Place corduroy patch in a petri dish.7.8 Place the petri dish with lice in an incubator maintainedat 31.7C and 60 % RH.7.9 Make the first observation 1
23、 h post treatment, andreplace the petri dish in the incubator.7.10 To make an observation, place the lice on top of a patchin a petri dish, which is then placed on the slide warmer (37C).Lice not dead or morbid will move to the lower patch within 5min.7.11 For the controls, repeat all of the above p
24、rocedures,substituting distilled water for the candidate pediculicide.8. Analysis of Data8.1 Dead and moribund lice are added to give mortality at24 h.8.2 All mortality counts are corrected to mean correctedpercent mortality using Abbotts formula.(% Alive in Control)Corrected Mortality = (% Alive in
25、 Test) 3 100(% Alive in Control)8.3 Prior to statistical analysis, percent mortalities will betransformed using Arcsine Tranformation Tables.4Then anAnalysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be performed and themeans will be separated by a suitable statistical procedure.9. Precision and Bias9.1 No precision
26、 data is available for this test method,however, Committee E-35 is interested in conducting aninterlaboratory test program and encourages interested partiesto contact the staff manager, Committee E-35, ASTMHeadquarters.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights
27、 asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any ti
28、me by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will
29、receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM
30、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or t
31、hrough the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).3The present strain of Pediculus humanus humanus Linnaeus is maintained byICR, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21228. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, pleaseprovide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments willreceive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.4Box, G., Hunter, W., Hunter, S., Statistics for Experimenters, Wiley, 1978.E938 05 (2011)12
