1、Designation: E 947 83 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Specification forSampling Single-Phase Geothermal Liquid or Steam forPurposes of Chemical Analysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 947; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、 the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements forequipment to be used for the c
3、ollection of uncontaminated andrepresentative samples from single-phase geothermal liquid orsteam. Geopressured liquids are included. See Fig. 1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1192 Guide for Equipment for Sampling Water andSteam in Closed Conduits33. Application3.1 This specification c
4、overs only that equipment which iscommonly used for the sampling of single-phase geothermalliquid or steam. It does not cover specialized equipmentrequired for, and unique to, a specific test or method ofanalysis. The specification covers items such as valves, fittings,tubing, cooling coils and cond
5、ensers, pumps, degassers, samplecontainers, sample probes, and packaging materials, but ex-cludes equipment used in specific testing and analysis.3.2 This procedure applies to single-phase steam or liquidstreams prior to separation and to separated single-phase steamor liquid streams.3.3 For most ge
6、othermal and geopressured fluids tested bythe procedures outlined in this specification, both liquid andgas samples may be collected.4. Sample Probes4.1 Sample probes shall be used to extract liquid or steamfrom the main part of the geothermal flow rather than using awall-accessing valve and pipe ar
7、rangement.4.1.1 The probe permits the sampling of various positionswithin the flow to determine whether stratified or annulartwo-phase flow is present which would bias a single-pointsample.4.2 Sample probes shall be designed to extract representa-tive samples from flowing systems. Special attention
8、duringconstruction of the probe shall be given to the stresses that theprobe will later be subjected to during insertion into, andoperation in, a pressurized flowing system.4.3 The sampling probe (see Fig. 2) passes through thesliding seal and access valve in order that liquid or steam canbe sampled
9、 from the mainstream of the flow line. Thereafter,the sample contacts only surfaces that the operator can verifyare noncontaminating and nonabsorbing.4.3.1 Moving the probe tip across the diameter of the pipemay allow the operator to determine the existence of stratifi-cation or multiphase sampling
10、problems.4.3.2 Flow regulation is accomplished downstream of thecooling coils in order to avoid residual flashing into steam atthe point of pressure reduction. Flashing may cause scaledeposition which would preclude the accurate determination ofcertain constituents.5. Sampling Lines5.1 SafetySamplin
11、g lines shall be as short as practical andof sufficient strength to prevent structural failure.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E44.15 on Geothermal Field Devel
12、opment, Utilization and Materials.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originallyapproved in 1983. Lasts previous edition approved in 2002 as E 947-83(2002).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm
13、.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 ConstructionAll sample lines shall be construct
14、ed toeliminate traps in which condensate, entrained particulates, orscale precipitates might settle since they may be partiallyemptied with changes in flow conditions and may result insample contamination. Allow for thermal expansion.6. Valves, Fittings, and Gages6.1 Valves which control access to t
15、he sampling point shallhave straight throats (frequently designated as ball, plug, andgate valves). This permits a probe to be inserted directly intothe flow.6.2 It is recommended that at least one full-port shut-offvalve be placed on the downstream end of the sample probe sothat the sampling line m
16、ay be isolated when desired.6.3 Throttling devices such as valves, capillary tubes, ororifices, if used, shall be placed at the sample outlet of thecooler or condenser. This practice will ensure cooling at thehighest pressure and will minimize the possibility of fluidflashing or scale forming in the
17、 cooling coil. A head columnsuch as that recommended for normal water and steam sam-pling (Specification D 1192, for Equipment for SamplingWater and Steam) shall not be used because it provides amechanism for gas separation and escape prior to samplecollection.6.4 Equipment adequate to determine the
18、 pressure andtemperature of the mainstrem liquid or steam flow shall beutilized.7. Sample Cooler7.1 The tube through which the sample flows shall becontinuous through the cooling location so there will be nopossibility of sample contamination or dilution from thecooling water. The internal diameter
19、of the tube is suggested tobe no larger than that of the sample probe so that storage withinthe coil is low and the time lag of sample through the coolingphase will be a minimum.7.2 When the temperature of the sample is above the boilingpoint of water, it may be advantageous, in order to conserveice
20、, to use a precooler containing water to lower the tempera-ture of the sample before it enters the cooler. The temperatureFIG. 1 Example Assembly (Particularly Suited for Liquid Flows)FIG. 2 Sample ProbeE 947 83 (2007)2of the sample can then be controlled by the flow rate and thetemperature of the f
21、inal cooling bath (frequently an ice waterbath).8. Materials and Lubricants8.1 Lubricants:8.1.1 No lubricant shall be used in the collection containers,or their valves and seals, where it could contact the sample andbias the components of interest. This is particularly importantif minor constituents
22、 are to be measured.8.1.2 Other valves and moving parts in the sampling equip-ment that contact the sample should be lubricated to theminimum extent consistent with service life.8.2 Materials:8.2.1 In all cases, the sampling equipment shall be made ofmaterials resistant to corrosion by the sample an
23、d that will notbias the results. Stainless steel, glass, and polymers areexamples of materials that are generally satisfactory.8.2.2 Copper-based alloys should be avoided.9. Liquid Sample Containers9.1 Liquid sample containers and compatible closures shallnot bias the sample components of interest.
24、Sample contain-ment shall conform to EPA guidelines.4These guidelinesrecommend the collection of liquid samples in either plastic orglass containers. Boron and silica samples should be collectedin plastic containers.9.2 The closures of the filled sample containers shall befixed in place to prevent a
25、ccidental opening in transit. Alter-natively, the sample containers may be secured inside ashipping container designed to prevent disturbance of the innercontainer.10. Gas Sample Containers10.1 Devices used to collect and transport the gas compo-nent of the samples (as shown in Fig. 3) shall be resi
26、stant tochemical reactions and to gaseous diffusion or adsorption.They should be filled to equal or exceed atmospheric pressureto prevent air from leaking into the sample container.11. Filters11.1 Filters, when used, shall be housed in a pressure-tightcontainer assuring that the full flow passes thr
27、ough the filter.12. Cleaning12.1 The sampling apparatus shall be kept clean.12.2 When finished sampling, or when the sampling appa-ratus will be idle, the interior of the apparatus shall be rinsedwith distilled water to minimize corrosion and contamination.12.3 It may be necessary to disassemble and
28、 clean newequipment prior to initial use.13. Example of Sampling Train13.1 Examples of a sampling train are shown in Fig. 1 andFig. 3. Consideration should be given to the force generated byany specific combination of probe diameter and system pres-sure and to the limitations and safety of sliding s
29、eals. Acombination of probe tip bead and safety chain are recom-mended to restrict forcible ejection of the probe from the linebeing sampled. In unsafe cases, a fixed connection is preferred.14. Keywords14.1 chemical analysis; geopressured liquid; geothermalliquid; geothermal steam; single-phase geo
30、thermal liquid;single-phase geothermal steam4Federal Register, Vol 44, No. 244, pp. 7505075052.FIG. 3 Example Assembly (Particularly Suited for Steam Flows)E 947 83 (2007)3ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
31、in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and m
32、ust be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of t
33、heresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C7
34、00, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E 947 83 (2007)4
