1、Designation: E 950 98 (Reapproved 2004)Standard Test Method forMeasuring the Longitudinal Profile of Traveled Surfaceswith an Accelerometer Established Inertial ProfilingReference1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 950; the number immediately following the designation indicates th
2、e year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement and recor
3、dingof the profile of vehicular-traveled surfaces with an acceler-ometer established inertial reference on a profile-measuringvehicle.1.2 The test method uses measurement of the distancebetween an inertial plane of reference and the traveled surfacealong with the acceleration of the inertial platfor
4、m to detectchanges in elevation of the surface along the length beingtraversed by the instrumented vehicle. In order to meet aparticular class, the transducers must meet accuracy require-ments and the calculated profile must meet the specifications ofthat class.1.3 The values measured represent a fi
5、ltered profile mea-sured from a moving plane of reference using the equipmentand procedures stated herein. The profile measurements ob-tained should agree with actual elevation measurements thatare subjected to the same filtering. Selection of proper filteringallows the user to obtain suitable wavel
6、ength information forthe intended data processing.1.4 Either metric or inch-pound units may be used, but mustbe used consistently and not mixed.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standa
7、rd to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary information is given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying ObservationsE 867 Terminolog
8、y Relating to Vehicle-Pavement SystemsE 1364 Test Method for Measuring Road Roughness byStatic Level MethodF 457 Test Method for Speed and Distance Calibration of aFifth Wheel Equipped with Either Analog or DigitalInstrumentation3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aliasingin the context of this prac
9、tice,the spec-trum of a digitized data record exists over the range offrequencies from zero to one half the sampling frequency. Ifthe spectrum of the original signal extends beyond one half thesampling frequency, then those components of the signal atfrequencies higher than one half the sampling fre
10、quency will,when digitized, be folded back into the spectrum of thedigitized signal. The excessively high frequency componentswill thus be “aliased” into low frequency components.3.1.2 anti-aliasing filtera low-pass analog filter applied tothe original analog profile signal to suppress those compone
11、ntsof the signal at frequencies higher than one half the intendeddigital sampling frequency.3.1.3 frequency domain filteringa filtering operation per-formed by first calculating the the spectrum of the profilerecord and then multiplying the spectral components by thefrequency response transfer funct
12、ion of the filter.3.1.4 profile recorda data record of the surface elevation,slope, or acceleration, of arbitrary length.3.1.5 profile segmentthat part of a profile record for whichthe profile index will be calculated.3.1.6 spatial domain filteringa filtering operation per-formed directly on the pro
13、file record1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 onVehicle-Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.31on Methods for Measuring Profile and Roughness.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originallyapproved in 1983. La
14、st previous edition approved in 1998 as E 950 98.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright A
15、STM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The test apparatus consists of a vehicle equipped withthe necessary transducers, computing, and recording equip-ment to measure and record elevation profile of the trav
16、eledsurface (1).34.2 The sampling rate is selected and depends on theanticipated roadway conditions and data requirements for theintended data processing.4.3 The test apparatus is driven in the wheel tracks or in thecorrect lateral location over the section of traveled surface to beprofiled. Transdu
17、cers measure vertical acceleration of thevehicle and the vertical distance between the accelerometer andthe traveled surface and the longitudinal distance. Thesetransducer signals are combined by a computer to produce thelongitudinal profile of the traveled surface.5. Significance and Use5.1 The mea
18、surement of vehicular traveled surfaces usingan instrumented vehicle with an inertial plane of referenceprovides a satisfactory method for acquiring traveled surfaceprofile data (1).5.2 The profile data can be processed to produce, bysimulation, the outputs of other devices. This can be done online
19、in real time or can be computed as a post process. Some ofthe devices that can be simulated include road meters (2),various straightedge devices (3), profilographs, (4), as well aspavers and grinders. Comparisons of various equipment andtheir profile computer programs are given in reference (5, 6).5
20、.3 The raw data or the profile data can also be recorded fordata processing at a later time and for analysis by morecomplex data processing procedures.6. Apparatus6.1 The test apparatus consists of a vehicle equipped withtransducers and profile computing and recording equipment.The transducers are u
21、sed to measure vertical acceleration,displacement, and the distance traveled. The computer is usedto process the transducer outputs to produce the computedprofile of the traveled surface. The test apparatus must havetransducer capability for one or more tracks and a mass storagedevice for long term
22、storage of the data. If two wheel tracks aremeasured, the displacement transducers shall be mounted 1.5to 1.8 m (58 to 71 in.) apart so that they measure in the twowheel tracks of the traveled surface. A set of gage blocks mustbe included to calibrate and validate static transducer opera-tion. Other
23、 supporting apparatus can include a driver speeddisplay and a graphical display of the profile or data. Someform of data display is recommended to ensure correct data isbeing collected.6.2 Vehicle RequirementsThe vehicle is the platform forthe mounting of the profile-measuring equipment. The vehicle
24、shall be large enough to accommodate all the required equip-ment without major structural modifications. The engine,steering mechanisms, and suspension components shall beadequate to allow smooth maintenance of speed and directionof travel. The environment of the interior of the vehicle shall bemain
25、tained within tolerable limits of the instrumentation andoperators.6.3 Transducers:6.3.1 AccelerometerThe accelerometer measures the ac-celeration used to establish the inertial reference. A high-quality accelerometer shall be used that meets the classrequirements of the profiling device. The accele
26、rometer shallbe mounted on the measuring vehicle with the accelerometerssensitive axis perpendicular to the traveled surface. The accel-erometer range shall be large enough to accommodate thelevels of acceleration expected from the bounce motions of themeasuring vehicle (typically 61 g). The acceler
27、ometer shall bebiased to account for the 1-g acceleration of gravity. Theaccelerometer or external circuitry shall contain a self-calibration external voltage source which, on command, causesthe output of the acceleration signal level to change a prede-termined value. The accelerometer shall have a
28、minimumresolution to allow profile calculation and accuracy and bias tomeet the class requirements as given in this standard.6.3.2 Displacement MeasurementA displacement trans-ducer measures the distance between the accelerometer and thetraveled surface. The transducer shall be mounted on thevehicle
29、 with its measuring axis perpendicular to the traveledsurface and in line with the sensitive axis of the accelerometer.The displacement transducer shall measure the vertical dis-tance to the traveled surface continuously, or sample atintervals not greater than that needed to allow calculated profile
30、as given in Table 1. The vertical resolution is that necessary tomeet the class given in Table 2.6.3.3 Distance MeasurementThe distance transducer maybe of the type that produces a series of pulses, the intervals ofwhich represent a distance along the traveled surface to aresolution needed to satisf
31、y Table 1. The pulses are used tomeasure speed and can be used to convert from a function oftime to a function of distance traveled.Any distance transducerthat produces analog or digital signals with sufficient accuracymay be used. The accuracy of the distance measurement isestablished by calibratio
32、n (see 9.2.3).6.3.4 Location MarkersUse of a section start, intermedi-ate feature location(s), and section end shall be identified bylocation marks that can be accurately detected by an automaticmeans, such as magnetic detection, photocells detection ofreflective tape or similar means.6.4 Profile Co
33、mputationA computer shall be used toprocess acceleration, and distance transducer outputs to pro-duce measured traveled surface profile. There are two basicmethods of computing measured traveled surface profile:6.4.1 Spatial BasedIn the spatial based method, the trans-ducer outputs are acquired and
34、profile data points are computedas a function of the distance traveled. In the spatial-basedmethod, the computation of measured road profile is indepen-dent of the vehicle measuring speed.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.TABLE 1 Longitud
35、inal SamplingClass 1 less than or equal to 25 mm (1 in.)Class 2 greater than 25 mm (1 in.) to 150 mm (6 in.)Class 3 greater than 150 mm (6 in.) to 300 mm (12 in.)Class 4 greater than 300 mm (12 in.)E 950 98 (2004)26.4.2 Time-BasedIn the time-based system, the transduceroutputs are acquired and profi
36、le data points are computed as afunction of a fixed-time interval. In the time-based method, thecomputation of measured road profile is not independent of thevehicle measuring speed.6.4.3 Filtering that permits the computation of measuredelevation profile with no attenuation or amplification of road
37、profile wave lengths at least 60 m (200 ft) long at test speedsof 25 to 95 km/h (15 to 60 mph) shall be provided. Thecomputer and system shall not add noise in excess of 10 % ofthe displacement measuring transducer resolutions given inTable 2.6.4.4 As part of the profile computation equipment, acomp
38、uter terminal shall be provided that will allow theoperator to perform system calibration, select system param-eters, and monitor system outputs.6.5 Driver Speed Display:6.5.1 The vehicle speed shall be displayed conveniently forthe driver to assist in maintaining the desired measuring speedon syste
39、ms requiring constant speed during measurement.Some systems, especially in the case of spatial based systems,are independent of speed and the speedometer is sufficient.6.5.2 The displayed vehicle speed, when required, may becomputed by the profile computer from the distance pulses.Other means of mea
40、suring vehicle speed are acceptable.6.6 DisplayA display should be used that allows visualmonitoring of the systems outputs. The display should allowprofile amplitudes to be displayed as a function of time ordistance traveled. Amplitude and distance scaling shall becontrolled by the operator through
41、 the profile computer termi-nal.6.7 Storage DeviceA device shall be provided for therecording and long term storage of data or computed profile, orboth. The device shall have play back ability for additionalon-board processing or for later processing. Profile data forrecording shall be scaled by the
42、 computer to maintain storageresolution of the computed profile and to accommodate the fullrange of amplitudes encountered during normal profile mea-suring operation. Signal to noise (S/N) ratio shall be 10 orbetter.6.8 Event MarkerThe operator shall be provided themeans to event mark location data
43、as part of the data records.The system may use a transducer (optionally) to automaticallysense and automatically record location markers that have beenplaced on the traveled surface.7. Safety Precautions7.1 The test vehicle, as well as all attachments to it, shallcomply with all applicable state and
44、 federal laws. Necessaryprecautions imposed by laws and regulations, as well asvehicle manufacturers, shall be taken to ensure safety ofoperating personnel and other traffic.8. Digital Profile Recording8.1 The computed profile shall be recorded at adequateintervals for accurate representation of the
45、 traveled surface forthe intended use of the data. Also, antialiasing filters arerequired when the folding frequency (12 of sampling fre-quency) is close to the upper frequency of interest (seeTerminology E 867). Identical antialiasing filtering must beapplied to both the accelerometer signal and to
46、 the displace-ment measurement signal before computing profiles. The upperfilter frequency depends upon the intended use of the profile.8.2 Where two or more paths of traveled surface aremeasured, the recorded profile data for the paths shall be at thesame longitudinal location. This requirement is
47、not necessary ifthe analysis to be used is independent of the wheel tracks (forexample, only quarter car analysis used).9. Calibration Procedures9.1 Due to the level of performance required of the class oftraveled surface profile measuring apparatus, it is importantthat the system and its components
48、 be calibrated periodically asrecommended by the manufacturer.NOTE 1Due to the complexity of the calibration, it is recommendedthat the calibration procedure be automated to reduce or eliminate operatorinvolvement and decision making.9.2 Transducers:9.2.1 Acceleration TransducerThe acceleration tran
49、s-ducer shall have an internal or external calibration feature. Ameasure of the accelerometer error shall then be displayed forthe operators acceptance. As an alternative, the accelerationtransducer may be calibrated separately in the laboratory. Ineither case, an error larger than that allowed for the class shallnot be accepted.9.2.2 Displacement TransducerThe displacement trans-ducer shall be statically calibrated by introducing an accuratelymeasured step of displacement. The displacement step shall beat least 25 mm (1.0 in.) and accurate within class requir
