1、Designation: E953/E953M 08E953/E953M 16Standard Test Method Practice forFusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E953/E953M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared fro
3、m RDF ashattain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly-reducing, and oxidizingatmospheres.1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducibletemperatures and en
4、able different laboratories to obtain concordant results.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining va
5、lues from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine
6、the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. See Section 6 for additional hazard information.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementE180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and S
7、pecialty Chemicals(Withdrawn 2009)3E829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Laboratory Samples for Analysis3. Terminology3.1 Definitions and SymbolsThe critical temperature points to be observed are as follows, denoting the atmosphere used:3.2 initial deformation temperature, ITthe temp
8、erature at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs. Shrinkingor warping of the cone is ignored if the tip remains sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the second cone, IT,is a typical cone at the initial deformation stage.3.3 softening temperature, STthe tempera
9、ture at which the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height isequal to the width at the base as shown by the third cone, ST, in Fig. 1.3.4 hemispherical temperature, HTthe temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which pointthe height is one half the
10、width of the base as shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.3.5 fluid temperature, FTthe temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum heightof 1.6 mm 116 in. as shown in the fifth cone, FT, in Fig. 1.3.6 For definitions of additional terms used in this te
11、st method, refer to Terminology D5681.4. Significance and Use4.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF to use in determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.1 This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct res
12、ponsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.02D34.03on MunicipalTreatment, Recovery and Reuse (Disbanded 06/09).Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008Nov. 15, 2016. Published November 2008November 2016. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20042008as E953 88 (2004).E953/E953M 08. DO
13、I: 10.1520/E0953_E0953M-08.10.1520/E0953_E0953M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This docum
14、ent is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as a
15、ppropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility DataAsh fusibility data
16、are too often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burningequipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the RDF,and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash behavior more than the ash fusibility characteristics determ
17、ined by the laboratorytest. Furthermore, conditions existing during applied combustion of RDF are so complex that they are impossible to duplicatecompletely in a small-scale laboratory test. Therefore, the test should be considered an empirical one and the data, at best, onlyqualitative.5. Apparatus
18、5.1 FurnaceAny gas-fired or electric furnace conforming to the following requirements may be used.5.1.1 The furnace shall be capable of maintaining a uniform temperature zone in which to heat the ash cones. This zone shallbe such that the difference in the melting point of 12.7 mm 12 in. pieces of p
19、ure gold wire when mounted in place of the ashcones on the cone support shall be not greater than 11C 20F in a reducing atmosphere test run.5.1.2 The furnace shall be capable of maintaining the desired atmosphere surrounding the cones during heating. Thecomposition of the atmosphere, reducing or oxi
20、dizing, shall be maintained within the limits specified in Section 7. The desiredatmosphere in the gas-fired furnace surrounding the cones shall be obtained by regulation of the ratio of gas to air in the combustionmixture. The desired atmosphere in the electric furnace shall be obtained by means of
21、 gases introduced into the heating chamber.The muffle shall be gas-impervious, free from cracks, and the closure-plug tight fitting. Since state-of-the-art furnaces varysomewhat in design, the gas supply inlet tube shall be installed per instructions of furnace manufacturer.5.1.3 The furnace shall b
22、e capable of regulation so that the rate of temperature rise shall be 8 6 3C 15 6 5F per minute.5.1.4 The furnace shall provide a means of observing the ash cones during the heating. Observation shall be on the samehorizontal plane as the cone-support surface.5.2 Cone MoldA commercially available co
23、ne mold as shown in Fig. 2 shall be used. The cone shall be 19 mm 34 in. inheight and 6.4 mm 14 in. in width at each side of the base which is an equilateral triangle.5.2.1 Asteel spatula with a pointed tip, ground off to fit the cone depression in the mold, is suitable for removal of the ash cone.5
24、.3 Optical Pyrometer or Thermocouple, for temperature measurements, conforming to the following requirements:FIG. 1 Critical Temperature PointsInch-pound Units,in.SI Units,mm14 6.434 19.1112 38.12 50.23 76.2FIG. 2 Brass Cone MoldE953/E953M 1625.3.1 Optical PyrometerAn optical pyrometer of the disapp
25、earing filament type shall be used. The instrument shall have beencalibrated to be accurate within 11C 20F up to 1400C 2550F and within 16C 30F from 1400 to 1600C 2550F to2900F (Note 1). The pyrometer filament shall be sighted on the cones until the softening point temperature (Fig. 1) has beenpasse
26、d, and then sighted on the cone support. The pyrometer shall have readable graduations not larger than 5.5C 10F.NOTE 1The pyrometer equipment shall be standardized periodically by a suitably equipped standardizing laboratory such as that of the NationalBureau of Standards, or checked periodically ag
27、ainst equipment certified by the National Bureau of Standards.5.3.2 ThermocoupleA thermocouple of platinum and platinum-rhodium, protected from the furnace gases by a glazedporcelain sheath, shall be used with a high-resistance millivoltmeter or potentiometer accurate and readable to within 5.5C 10F
28、.The sheath shall be sealed to the furnace wall by alundum cement. The hot junction of the thermocouple shall touch the end ofthe sheath and shall be located in the center of the muffle and immediately to the rear of the cones. The thermocouple protectivesheath shall be checked periodically for crac
29、ks. The thermocouple and its meter shall meet the requirements of Section 10. Thepotentiometer or millivoltmeter shall be located or shielded adequately as to prevent radiant or convection heating of the coldjunction. The room temperature compensator shall be adjusted to the existing temperature.5.4
30、 Ash-Cone Refractory SupportThe ash cone shall be mounted on a refractory base composed of a mixture of equal partsby weight of kaolin and alumina conforming to the following requirements:5.4.1 KaolinNF-Grade powder passing a 75-m No. 200 sieve.5.4.2 Aluminum OxideReagent grade powder passing a 150-
31、m No. 100 sieve.5.5 Refractory Support MoldA mold with flat top and bottom surfaces to provide a refractory support of suitable thicknessto minimize warping shall be used. A side mold not over 6.4 mm 14 in. high of any convenient shape, placed on an iron plateso that the top surface of the refractor
32、y mix can be struck off flat and parallel to the base by means of a straightedge, is satisfactory.For electric furnace use, legs not over 3 mm 18 in. long may be provided on the corners of the cone support by suitable holesbored in the iron base plate of the mold.5.6 Gold Wire, 4 Twenty-four gage or
33、 larger round wire of 99.98 % purity, but drawn from metal of 99.99 % purity, and havinga melting point of 1063C 1945F.5.7 Nickel Wire, 5 Twenty-four gage or larger round wire of CP nickel 99.98 % pure, fully annealed, and having a melting pointof 1452C 2645F.6. Hazards6.1 Due to the origins of RDF
34、in municipal waste, common sense dictates that some precautions should be observed whenconducting tests on the samples. Recommended hygenic practices include use of gloves when handling RDF; wearing dust masks(NIOSH-approved type); especially while milling RDF samples; conducting tests under a negat
35、ive pressure hood when possible;and washing hands before eating or smoking.6.2 Good laboratory practices dictate the precautions that should be observed when using compressed gases such as hydrogenor carbon monoxide as reducing gases.7. Test Atmosphere67.1 Gas Fired Furnace:7.1.1 Reducing Atmosphere
36、 TestA mildly reducing atmosphere surrounding the cones shall be maintained during the test inthe gas-fired furnace. Hydrogen, hydrocarbons, and carbon monoxide shall be considered as reducing gases; oxygen, carbondioxide, and water vapor shall be considered as oxidizing gases. Nitrogen is inert. Th
37、e ratio by volume of reducing gases tooxidizing gases in the atmosphere shall be between the limits of 20 to 80 %, that is, on a nitrogen-free basis, the total amount ofreducing gases present shall be between the limits of 20 and 80 volume %.Aflame 150 to 200 mm 6 to 8 in. in height and tingedwith y
38、ellow above the furnace outlet has been found to provide an atmosphere within the specified limits.7.1.2 Oxidizing Atmosphere TestAn atmosphere containing a minimum amount of reducing gases shall be maintainedsurrounding the cones during the test in the gas-fired furnace. On a nitrogen-free basis, t
39、he volume of the reducing gases presentin the atmosphere will not exceed 10 volume %. Combustion with the maximum possible quantity of air with preservation of thespecified rate of temperature increase has been found to provide an atmosphere within the specified limits.Acompletely blue flame,not ove
40、r 50 mm 2 in. in height above the outlet at the beginning of the test, provides the desired atmosphere; and, by regulationof the combustion gas-air ratio, the specified atmosphere and temperature rise can be maintained.7.2 Electric Furnace:3 Gold wire of this purity can be purchased from the Baker D
41、ental Division of Engelhard Industries, Inc., 850 Passaic Ave., East Newark, NJ 07029.Corporation, 353Enterprise Pkwy, Lake Zurich, IL 60047.4 Nickel wire of this purity can be purchased with the additional specifications of having a minimum coefficient of resist for 0 to 100C of 0.00673 Ohm/Ohm C,
42、fromthe Baker Dental Division of Engelhard Industries, Inc., 850 Passaic Ave., East Newark, NJ 07029.Corporation, 353 Enterprise Pkwy, Lake Zurich, IL 60047.5 For information concerning the effect of various atmospheres, see U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 129, 1918.E953/E953M 1637.2.1 Reducing Atmosp
43、here TestA regulated flow of gas of the nominal composition, 60 % carbon monoxide and 40 6 5volume % carbon dioxide,7 shall be maintained in the heating chamber throughout the test (Note 2) in the electric furnace. Thegas stream shall be regulated by any convenient means to provide a measured flow o
44、f 1.3 to 1.5 furnace volumes per minute.NOTE 2New cylinders of the mixed gas for which a certified analysis is not available should be mixed before use by laying the cylinder on its sidewith the protective screw cap in place. The cylinder should then be rolled back and forth, 6 to 10 ft in each dire
45、ction, approximately 15 times. Certifiedanalyses of each cylinder or batch can be obtained for a small extra charge.7.2.2 Oxidizing Atmosphere TestA regulated stream of air shall be maintained throughout the test in the electric furnace. Thegas stream shall be regulated by any convenient means to pr
46、ovide a measured flow of 1.3 to 1.5 furnace volumes per minute.8. Preparation of Ash8.1 Use RDF milled to passing a 0.5-mm 0.02-in. sieve prepared in accordance with Practice E829 to obtain the ash byincineration in a well-ventilated muffle furnace. The quantity of RDF required will vary with the as
47、h content; usually 3 to 5 g ofash will suffice for cones for several check determinations. Spread out the analysis sample of RDF in a layer approximately 6.4mm 14 in. in depth in a fireclay or porcelain roasting dish. Place the dish in the muffle at a low temperature, and gradually heatto redness at
48、 such a rate as to avoid mechanical loss from too rapid expulsion of volatile matter. The rate of temperature rise of500C 932F in 1 h was found to be satisfactory. Complete the conversion to ash at a temperature of 800 to 900C 1470 to1650F. Transfer the ash to an agate mortar (Note 3), and grind so
49、it will pass a No. 200 0.074 mm sieve.NOTE 3Amechanical agate mortar grinder will save time where many determinations are made.An iron mortar or pestle is not recommended becauseof metallic contamination.8.2 Spread the ash in a thin layer in a fireclay, silica, or porcelain dish and ignite it in a stream of oxygen for 112 h at 800 to850C 1470 to 1560F to ensure complete and uniform oxidation of the ash. Any tube or muffle-type furnace which, whensupplied with an o
