1、Designation: E 991 06Standard Practice forColor Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using theOne-Monochromator Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 991; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a fluorescent object is to obtain spectrometricdata for
3、specified illuminating and viewing conditions, and then use this data to compute tristimulusvalues based on an International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standard observer and a CIEstandard illuminant. For a fluorescent object-color specimen, the spectral radiance factors used tocalculate tristi
4、mulus values are made up of two components an ordinary reflectance factor and afluorescence factor (b = bS+ bF). The magnitude of the fluorescent radiance factors, and consequentlythe measured total radiance factors and derived color values, vary directly with the spectraldistribution of the instrum
5、ent source illuminating the specimen. Consequently, the colorimetry offluorescent object-color specimens requires greater control of the measurement parameters in order toobtain precise spectrometric and colorimetric data. In order to obtain repeatable and reproducible colorvalues for fluorescent ob
6、jects it is necessary that the illumination at the specimen surface closelyduplicate the standard illuminant used in the color calculations. The considerations involved and theprocedures used to obtain spectrometric data and compute colorimetric values for fluorescentspecimens using a one-monochroma
7、tor spectrometer are contained in this practice.1. Scope1.1 This practice applies to the instrumental color measure-ment of fluorescent specimens excited by near ultraviolet andvisible radiation that results in fluorescent emission within thevisible range. It is not intended for other types of photo
8、lumi-nescent materials such as phosphorescent, chemiluminescent,or electroluminescent, nor is this practice intended for themeasurement of the fluorescent properties for chemical analy-sis.1.2 This practice describes the instrumental measurementrequirements, calibration procedures, and material stan
9、dardsneeded for the color measurement of fluorescent specimenswhen illuminated by simulated daylight approximating CIEStandard Illuminant D65 (CIE D65).1.3 This practice is limited in scope to colorimetric spec-trometers providing continuous broadband polychromatic illu-mination of the specimen and
10、employing only a viewingmonochromator for analyzing the radiation leaving the speci-men.1.4 This practice can be used for calculating total tristimulusvalues and total chromaticity coordinates for fluorescent colorsin the CIE Color System for either the CIE 1931 StandardColorimetric Observer or the
11、CIE 1964 Supplementary Stan-dard Colorimetric Observer.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
12、 of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 985 Test Method for Brightness of Pulp, Paper, andPaperboard (Directional Reflectance at 457 nm)D 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measured ColorCoordinates1
13、This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.05 on Fluores-cence.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published September 2006. Originallyapproved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 991 9
14、8.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo
15、x C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.E 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties ofMaterialsE 284 Terminology of AppearanceE 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE SystemE 691 Practice for Con
16、ducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color EvaluationE 1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-ColorSpecimens by SpectrophotometryE 1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability ofColor
17、 Measurement by Use of Multiple MeasurementsE 1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observa-tion and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterialsE 2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of FluorescentObjects from Bispectral Photometric DataE 2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral
18、Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent ColorE 2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Perfor-mance of Color-Measuring InstrumentsE 2301 Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties ofFluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materi-als for High Visibility Traffic Control and
19、Personal SafetyApplications Using 45:Normal Geometry2.2 CIE Publications and Standards:3CIE Publication CIE15:2004 Colorimetry, 3rd EditionCIE Publication No: 51.2 AMethod forAssessing the Qual-ity of Daylight Simulators for ColorimetryCIE Publication No. 76 Intercomparison on Measurementof (Total)
20、Spectral Radiance Factor of Luminescent Speci-mens2.3 TAPPI Standards:4T 571om-03 Diffuse brightness of paper and paperboard(d/0)2.4 ISO Standards:5ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005/E-1998 CIE Standard Illumi-nants for ColorimetryISO 11475:2004 Paper and board Determination of CIEwhiteness, D65/10 degrees (ou
21、tdoor daylight)ISO 2469:1994 Paper, board and pulps Measurement ofdiffuse reflectance factor3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: The definitions contained in Guide E 179,Terminology E 284, Practice E 1164, Practice E 1767, andPractice E 2153 are applicable to this test method.3.2 Definitions of Terms Spec
22、ific to This Standard:3.2.1 fluorescence, nthis standard uses the term “fluores-cence” as a general term, including both true fluorescence(with a luminescent decay time of less than 10-8s) andphosphorescence with a delay time short enough to be indis-tinguishable from fluorescence for the purpose of
23、 colorimetry(see Practice E 2153).3.2.2 fluorescent white, nwhite and near white specimenscontaining fluorescent whitening agents.3.2.3 near ultraviolet radiation, noptical radiation withinthe wavelength range from 300 to 380 nm.3.2.4 referee procedure, na mutually agree upon testingprocedure utiliz
24、ed to resolve disputes over instrumentallytested material properties that are expressed numerically.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice applies to the instrumental color measure-ment of fluorescent specimens that are excited by near ultra-violet and visible radiation and emit within the visible
25、range.For methods to determine whether specimens exhibit fluores-cence see Practice E 1247. This practice provides proceduresfor measuring the total spectral radiance factors of fluorescentobject-color specimens under simulated daylight approximat-ing CIE D65 using a one-monochromator colorimetric s
26、pec-trometer and calculating total tristimulus values (XYZ) andtotal chromaticity coordinates (x,y) in the CIE Color Systemfor either the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer or theCIE 1964 Supplementary Standard Colorimetric Observer (seeCIE Publication CIE15:2004 15).4.2 The instrument source s
27、hould provide broadband illu-mination of the specimen from 300 to 780 nm and the spectraldistribution of the illumination on the specimen should closelyduplicate CIE D65 (see ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005/E-1998).When highest measurement precision and reproducibility arerequired, the wavelength range shou
28、ld extend from 300 to 830nm. Precise colorimetry of ultraviolet-activated fluorescentspecimens requires the instrument provide significant illumi-nation intensity below 380 nm. For the measurement ofvisible-activated fluorescent specimens, which have negligibleexcitation below 380 nm, it is only req
29、uired that the illumina-tion on the specimen provide a close match to CIE D65 overthe wavelength range 380 to 780 nm.4.3 The colorimetric spectrometer should employ a bidirec-tional optical measuring system with 45:0 or 0:45 illuminatingand viewing geometry. The wavelength dispersive element(monochr
30、omator) shall be positioned between the specimenand the detector system (see CIE Pub. 76). The instrument mayemploy annular, circumferential, or uniplanar influx or effluxoptics. The use of Practice E 1767 functional notation isrecommended for the complete description of instrumentationgeometry incl
31、uding cone angles, aperture size, etc. When thespecimen exhibits directionality, and an instrument with uni-planar geometry is used, information on directionality may beobtained by measuring the specimens at two or more rotationangles. If information on directionality is not required, thenmultiple u
32、niplanar measurements may be averaged, or aninstrument with annular or circumferential geometry may beused. However, even with annular or circumferential influx or3Available from U.S. National Committee of the CIE (International Commissionon Illumination), C/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consulta
33、nts, Inc., 7 PondSt., Salem, MA 01970.4Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),P.O. Box 105113,Atlanta, GA30348; 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA30092.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, C
34、H-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.E991062efflux optics, some of the variability induced by specimen-optical system interactions may remain and the application ofthe methods in Practice E 1345 may help to reduce measure-ment variability.4.4 The important steps in the calibration of such instru-ments, an
35、d the material standards required for these steps, aredescribed. Guidelines are given for the selection of specimensto minimize the specimens contribution to the measurementimprecision. Parameters are identified that must be specifiedwhen spectrometric measurements are required in specific testmetho
36、ds or other documents.4.5 Most modern colorimetric spectrometers have the ca-pacity to compute the color coordinates of the specimenimmediately following the measurement. When this is the case,the user shall select the CIE Color System and CIE D65, thenchose either the CIE 1931 (2) Standard Observer
37、 or CIE 1964(10) Supplementary Observer (see Practice E 308).5. Significance and Use5.1 The most general method for obtaining CIE tristimulusvalues or, through their transformation, other coordinates fordescribing the colors of fluorescent objects is by the use ofspectrometric data obtained under de
38、fined and controlledconditions of illumination and viewing. This practice describesthe instrumental measurement requirements, calibration proce-dures, and material standards needed for measuring the totalspectral radiance factors of fluorescent specimens illuminatedby simulated daylight approximatin
39、g CIE D65 and calculatingtotal tristimulus values and total chromaticity coordinates foreither the CIE 1931 or 1964 observers.5.2 The precise colorimetry of fluorescent specimens re-quires the spectral distribution of the instrument light sourceilluminating the specimen closely duplicate the colorim
40、etricilluminant used for the calculation of tristimulus values, whichis CIE D65 in this practice. The fundamental basis for thisrequirement follows from the defining property of a fluorescentspecimen: instantaneous light emission resulting from elec-tronic excitation by absorption of radiant energy
41、(h) where thewavelengths of emission (l) are as a rule longer than theexcitation wavelengths (1).6For a fluorescent specimen, thetotal spectral radiance factors used to calculate tristimulusvalues are the sum of two components an ordinary reflectancefactor, b(l)S, and a fluorescence factor, b(h,l)F:
42、 b(l)=b(l)S+ b(h,l)F. Ordinary spectral reflectance factors aresolely a function of the specimens reflected radiance efficiencyat the viewing wavelength (l) and independent of the spectraldistribution of the illumination. The values of the spectralfluorescent radiance factors at the viewing waveleng
43、th (l) varydirectly with the absolute spectral distribution of illuminationwithin the excitation range (h), and consequently so will thetotal spectral radiance factors and derived colorimetric values.One-monochromator colorimetric spectrometers used in thispractice are generally designed for the col
44、or measurement ofordinary (non-fluorescent) specimens and the precision withwhich they can measure the color of fluorescent specimens isdirectly dependent on how well the instrument illuminationsimulates CIE D65.5.3 CIE D65 is a virtual illuminant that numerically definesa standardized spectral illu
45、mination distribution for daylightand not a physical light source (2). There is no CIE recom-mendation for a standard source corresponding to CIE D65 noris there a standardized method for rating the quality (oradequacy) of an instruments simulation of CIE D65 for thegeneral instrumental colorimetry
46、of fluorescent specimens. Therequirement that the instrument simulation of CIE D65 shallhave a rating not worse than BB (CIELAB) as determined bythe method of CIE Publication 51 has often been referenced.However, the method of CIE 51 is only suitable for ultraviolet-excited specimens evaluated for t
47、he CIE 1964 (10) observer.The methods described in CIE 51 were developed for UVactivated fluorescent whites and have not been proven to beapplicable to visible-activated fluorescent specimens.NOTE 1Aging of the instrument lamp will occur with normal usageresulting in changes in the spectral distribu
48、tion and intensity of theillumination on the specimen over time. Measurement of the spectraldistribution of the illumination at the sample port and evaluation of theadequacy of the CIE D65 simulation at regular intervals are recom-mended.5.4 Differences in the absolute spectral irradiance distribu-t
49、ion on the specimen between instrument models can producesignificant variation in the measured color values of fluorescentspecimens and result in poor reproducibility (3). In order toadequately reproduce the spectral irradiance on the specimenrequired for maximum measurement reproducibility, it may benecessary for a single model of instrument to be specified foruse by both buyer and seller.5.5 This practice is primarily for the instrumental colormeasurement of chromatic fluorescent specimens. While use ofthis practice for the color measurement of fluorescent white
