1、Designation: E991 11E991 16Standard Practice forColor Measurement of Fluorescent Specimens Using theOne-Monochromator Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E991; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe fundamental procedure for evaluating the color of a fluorescent object is to obtain spectrometricdata
3、for specified illuminating and viewing conditions, and then use this data to compute tristimulusvalues based on an International Commission on Illumination (CIE) standard observer and a CIEstandard illuminant. For a fluorescent object-color specimen, the spectral radiance factors used tocalculate tr
4、istimulus values are made up of two components an ordinary reflectance factor and afluorescence factor ( = S + F). The magnitude of the fluorescent radiance factors, and consequentlythe measured total radiance factors and derived color values, vary directly with the spectraldistribution of the instr
5、ument source illuminating the specimen. Consequently, the colorimetry offluorescent object-color specimens requires greater control of the measurement parameters in order toobtain precise spectrometric and colorimetric data. In order to obtain repeatable and reproducible colorvalues for fluorescent
6、objects it is necessary that the illumination at the specimen surface closelyduplicate the standard illuminant used in the color calculations. The considerations involved and theprocedures used to obtain spectrometric data and compute colorimetric values for fluorescentspecimens using a one-monochro
7、mator spectrometer are contained in this practice.1. Scope1.1 This practice applies to the instrumental color measurement of fluorescent specimens excited by near ultraviolet and visibleradiation that results in fluorescent emission within the visible range. It is not intended for other types of pho
8、toluminescentmaterials such as phosphorescent, chemiluminescent, or electroluminescent, nor is this practice intended for the measurement ofthe fluorescent properties for chemical analysis.1.2 This practice describes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and material sta
9、ndards neededfor the color measurement of fluorescent specimens when illuminated by simulated daylight approximating CIE StandardIlluminant D65 (CIE D65).1.3 This practice is limited in scope to colorimetric spectrometers providing continuous broadband polychromatic illuminationof the specimen and e
10、mploying only a viewing monochromator for analyzing the radiation leaving the specimen.1.4 This practice can be used for calculating total tristimulus values and total chromaticity coordinates for fluorescent colors inthe CIE Color System for either the CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer or the
11、 CIE 1964 Supplementary StandardColorimetric Observer.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability o
12、f regulatorylimitations prior to use.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.05 on Fluorescence.Current edition approved June 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2016. Published June 2011November 2016. Originally approve
13、d in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 asE991 06.E991 11. DOI: 10.1520/E0991-11.10.1520/E0991-16.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not b
14、e technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
15、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D985 Test Method for Brightness of Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard (Directional Reflectance at 457 nm) (Withdrawn 2010)3D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from
16、 Instrumentally Measured Color CoordinatesE179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of MaterialsE284 Terminology of AppearanceE308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE SystemE691 Practice for Conducting an Inte
17、rlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color EvaluationE1247 Practice for Detecting Fluorescence in Object-Color Specimens by SpectrophotometryE1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of Color Measurement b
18、y Use of Multiple MeasurementsE1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometries of Observation and Measurement to Characterize the Appearance of MaterialsE2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of Fluorescent Objects from Bispectral Photometric DataE2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Data
19、 for Evaluation of Fluorescent ColorE2214 Practice for Specifying and Verifying the Performance of Color-Measuring InstrumentsE2301 Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for HighVisibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety App
20、lications Using 45:Normal Geometry2.2 CIE Publications and Standards:4CIE Publication CIE15:2004 Colorimetry, 3rd EditionCIE Publication No: 51.2 A Method for Assessing the Quality of Daylight Simulators for ColorimetryCIE Publication No. 76 Intercomparison on Measurement of (Total) Spectral Radianc
21、e Factor of Luminescent Specimens2.3 TAPPI Standards:5T 571om-03 Diffuse brightness of paper and paperboard (d/0)2.4 ISO Standards:6ISO 10526:1999CIE S005/E-1998 CIE Standard Illuminants for ColorimetryISO 11475:2004 Paper and board Determination of CIE whiteness, D65/10 degrees (outdoor daylight)IS
22、O 2469:1994 Paper, board and pulps Measurement of diffuse reflectance factor3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions contained in Guide E179, Terminology E284, Practice E1164, Practice E1767, and PracticeE2153 are applicable to this test method.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
23、3.2.1 fluorescence, nthis standard uses the term “fluorescence” as a general term, including both true fluorescence (with aluminescent decay time of less than 10-8 s) and phosphorescence with a delay time short enough to be indistinguishable fromfluorescence for the purpose of colorimetry (see Pract
24、ice E2153).3.2.2 fluorescent white, nwhite and near white specimens containing fluorescent whitening agents.3.2.3 near ultraviolet radiation, noptical radiation within the wavelength range from 300 to 380 nm.3.2.4 referee procedure, na mutually agree upon testing procedure utilized to resolve disput
25、es over instrumentally testedmaterial properties that are expressed numerically.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice applies to the instrumental color measurement of fluorescent specimens that are excited by near ultraviolet andvisible radiation and emit within the visible range. For methods to d
26、etermine whether specimens exhibit fluorescence see PracticeE1247. This practice provides procedures for measuring the total spectral radiance factors of fluorescent object-color specimensunder simulated daylight approximating CIE D65 using a one-monochromator colorimetric spectrometer and calculati
27、ng totaltristimulus values (XYZ) and total chromaticity coordinates (x,y) in the CIE Color System for either the CIE 1931 StandardColorimetric Observer or the CIE 1964 Supplementary Standard Colorimetric Observer (see CIE Publication 15).4.2 The instrument source should provide broadband illuminatio
28、n of the specimen from 300 to 780 nm and the spectraldistribution of the illumination on the specimen should closely duplicate CIE D65 (see ISO 10526:1999CIE S005/E-1998). When2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
29、 Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available in hard copy or on CD-ROM at CIE/USA c/o TLA, 7 Pond St., Salem, MA 01970 TMLa
30、tTLA or electronically downloadable via the website ofthe CIE Central Bureau (www.cie.co.at).5 Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http:/www.tappi.org.6 Available from International Organization for Standardiza
31、tion (ISO), 1, ch. de la Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.E991 162highest measurement precision and reproducibility are required, the wavelength range should extend from 300 to 830 nm. Precisecolorimetry of ultraviolet-activated fluorescent specimens re
32、quires the instrument provide significant illumination intensity below380 nm. For the measurement of visible-activated fluorescent specimens, which have negligible excitation below 380 nm, it is onlyrequired that the illumination on the specimen provide a close match to CIE D65 over the wavelength r
33、ange 380 to 780 nm.4.3 The colorimetric spectrometer should employ a bidirectional optical measuring system with 45:0 or 0:45 illuminating andviewing geometry.The wavelength dispersive element (monochromator) shall be positioned between the specimen and the detectorsystem (see CIE Pub. 76). The inst
34、rument may employ annular, circumferential, or uniplanar influx or efflux optics. The use ofPractice E1767 functional notation is recommended for the complete description of instrumentation geometry including coneangles, aperture size, etc. When the specimen exhibits directionality, and an instrumen
35、t with uniplanar geometry is used,information on directionality may be obtained by measuring the specimens at two or more rotation angles. If information ondirectionality is not required, then multiple uniplanar measurements may be averaged, or an instrument with annular orcircumferential geometry m
36、ay be used. However, even with annular or circumferential influx or efflux optics, some of thevariability induced by specimen-optical system interactions may remain and the application of the methods in Practice E1345 mayhelp to reduce measurement variability.4.4 The important steps in the calibrati
37、on of such instruments, and the material standards required for these steps, are described.Guidelines are given for the selection of specimens to minimize the specimens contribution to the measurement imprecision.Parameters are identified that must be specified when spectrometric measurements are re
38、quired in specific test methods or otherdocuments.4.5 Most modern colorimetric spectrometers have the capacity to compute the color coordinates of the specimen immediatelyfollowing the measurement. When this is the case, the user shall select the CIE Color System and CIE D65, then chose either theCI
39、E 1931 (2) Standard Observer or CIE 1964 (10) Supplementary Observer (see Practice E308).5. Significance and Use5.1 The most general method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or, through their transformation, other coordinates fordescribing the colors of fluorescent objects is by the use of spectr
40、ometric data obtained under defined and controlled conditionsof illumination and viewing. This practice describes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, andmaterial standards needed for measuring the total spectral radiance factors of fluorescent specimens illuminated by
41、simulateddaylight approximating CIE D65 and calculating total tristimulus values and total chromaticity coordinates for either the CIE 1931or 1964 observers.5.2 The precise colorimetry of fluorescent specimens requires the spectral distribution of the instrument light sourceilluminating the specimen
42、 closely duplicate the colorimetric illuminant used for the calculation of tristimulus values, which is CIED65 in this practice. The fundamental basis for this requirement follows from the defining property of a fluorescent specimen:instantaneous light emission resulting from electronic excitation b
43、y absorption of radiant energy () where the wavelengths ofemission () are as a rule longer than the excitation wavelengths (1).7 For a fluorescent specimen, the total spectral radiance factorsused to calculate tristimulus values are the sum of two components an ordinary reflectance factor, ()S, and
44、a fluorescence factor,(,)F : () = ()S + (,)F. Ordinary spectral reflectance factors are solely a function of the specimens reflected radianceefficiency at the viewing wavelength () and independent of the spectral distribution of the illumination. The values of the spectralfluorescent radiance factor
45、s at the viewing wavelength () vary directly with the absolute spectral distribution of illuminationwithin the excitation range (), and consequently so will the total spectral radiance factors and derived colorimetric values.One-monochromator colorimetric spectrometers used in this practice are gene
46、rally designed for the color measurement of ordinary(non-fluorescent) specimens and the precision with which they can measure the color of fluorescent specimens is directlydependent on how well the instrument illumination simulates CIE D65.5.3 CIE D65 is a virtual illuminant that numerically defines
47、 a standardized spectral illumination distribution for daylight andnot a physical light source(2). There is no CIE recommendation for a standard source corresponding to CIE D65 nor is there astandardized method for rating the quality (or adequacy) of an instruments simulation of CIE D65 for the gene
48、ral instrumentalcolorimetry of fluorescent specimens. The requirement that the instrument simulation of CIE D65 shall have a rating not worsethan BB (CIELAB) as determined by the method of CIE Publication 51 has often been referenced. However, the method of CIE 51is only suitable for ultraviolet-exc
49、ited specimens evaluated for the CIE 1964 (10) observer.The methods described in CIE 51 weredeveloped for UV activated fluorescent whites and have not been proven to be applicable to visible-activated fluorescentspecimens.NOTE 1Aging of the instrument lamp will occur with normal usage resulting in changes in the spectral distribution and intensity of the illuminationon the specimen over time. Measurement of the spectral distribution of the illumination at the sample port and evaluation of the adequacy of the CIED65 simulation
