1、Designation: E997 11Standard Test Method forStructural Performance of Glass in Exterior Windows,Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the Influence of UniformStatic Loads by Destructive Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E997; the number immediately following the designation indica
2、tes the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is a procedure to determine
3、 if theprobability of breakage of glass specimens tested is signifi-cantly greater than, significantly less than, or not significantlydifferent than the specified probability of breakage whenexposed to a specified design load. It is not intended to be adesign standard for determining the load resist
4、ance of glass.Practice E1300 shall be used for this purpose.1.2 This test method describes apparatus and procedures toselect and apply a proof load to glass specimens, to determinethe number of glass specimens to be tested, and to evaluatestatistically the probability of breakage. This test method m
5、aybe conducted using the standard test frame specified herein ora test frame of the users design.1.3 Proper use of this test method requires a knowledge ofthe principles of pressure measurement and an understandingof recommended glazing practices.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be r
6、egardedas standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
7、use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glassin Buildings3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 coeffcient of variation, nratio of the standard devia-tion of the breakage load to the mean
8、 breakage load.3.1.2 equivalent design load, nthe specified uniform de-sign load converted to specified duration (see 4.2).3.1.3 glass specimen, nthe glass to be tested, for example,a single pane, an insulating glass unit, laminated glass, etc.(does not include test frame).3.1.4 glass specimen break
9、age, nthe fracture or crackingof any glass component of a glass specimen.3.1.5 negative load, nan outward-acting load that resultsin the indoor side of a glass specimen being the high-pressureside.3.1.6 positive load, nan inward-acting load that results inthe outdoor side of a glass specimen being t
10、he high-pressureside.3.1.7 probability of breakage, nthe probability that a glassspecimen will break when tested at a given load. Generalindustry practice is to express the probability of breakage aslites per 1000 lites.3.1.8 proof load, na magnitude of uniform load at whichglass specimens shall be
11、tested.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of E06.51 on Performanceof Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2011. Published December 2011. Originallyapproved in 1984. Las
12、t previous edition approved in 2009 as E997 01 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/E0997-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onth
13、e ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.9 proof load factor, a, nthe constant which, whenmultiplied by the design load, determines the proof load.3.1.10 specifying authority, nprofessional(s) responsiblefor
14、 determining and furnishing information required to performthe test.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of individually glazing glassspecimens in a test frame that is mounted into or against oneface of a test chamber and supplying air to, or exhausting airfrom, the test chamber so
15、 that each glass specimen is exposedto a specified duration proof load. Load-time records shall bekept for each glass specimen. Each glass specimen break shallbe recorded.4.2 After testing the required number of glass specimens, itis determined if the probability of breakage is significantly lesstha
16、n, significantly greater than, or not significantly differentthan the specified probability of breakage.5. Significance and Use5.1 Glass specimens to be tested shall be mounted in astandard test frame with four sides supported, or in a test framedesigned to represent specific glazing conditions.5.1.
17、1 A standard test frame shall be used when it is desiredto evaluate the probability of breakage of glass specimens withedge support conditions held constant.5.1.2 A test frame designed to represent a specific glazingcondition shall be used when it is desired to evaluate theprobability of breakage of
18、 glass specimens in the specifiedglazing system.5.2 Loads on glass in windows, curtain walls, and doorsmay vary greatly in magnitude, direction, and duration. Anyload (wind, snow, etc.) that can be transformed into a 60-sduration equivalent uniform design load can be considered.Load transformation t
19、echniques are addressed in the literature(1, 2, 3).35.3 The strength of glass varies with many different factorsincluding surface condition, load duration, geometry, relativehumidity, and temperature (4). A thorough understanding ofthose strength variations is required to interpret results of thiste
20、st method.6. Apparatus6.1 The description of apparatus is general in nature. Anyequipment capable of performing the test procedure within theallowable tolerances is permitted.6.2 Major Components:6.2.1 Test Frame, in which glass specimens are mounted fortesting. The test frame shall provide either s
21、tandardized sup-port conditions or specified support conditions. Specificationsof standardized support conditions are presented in Annex A1.6.2.2 Test Chamber, sealed, with an opening in which oragainst which the test frame is installed. At least one staticpressure tap shall be provided to measure t
22、he test chamberpressure and shall be so located that the reading is minimallyaffected by the velocity of the air supply to or from the testchamber or any air movement. The air supply opening into thetest chamber shall be arranged so that the air does not impingedirectly on the glass specimen with an
23、y significant velocity. Ameans of access into the test chamber may be provided tofacilitate adjustments and observations after the specimen hasbeen installed.6.2.3 Air System, a controllable blower, compressed airsupply, exhaust system, reversible blower, or other devicedesigned to apply the proof l
24、oad to the glass specimen withrequired control.6.2.4 Pressure Measuring Apparatus, to record continuoustest chamber pressures within an accuracy of 62%.6.2.5 Temperature Measuring Apparatus, to measure theambient temperature within an accuracy of 61F (0.6C).6.2.6 Relative Humidity Apparatus, to meas
25、ure the relativehumidity within an accuracy of 62%.7. Safety Precautions7.1 Proper precautions to protect observers in the event ofglass breakage should be observed. At the pressures used inthis test method, considerable energy and hazard are involved.In cases of breakage, the hazard to personnel is
26、 less with anexhaust system, as the specimen will tend to blow into ratherthan out of the test chamber. Personnel should not be permittedin such chambers during tests.8. Sampling and Glass Specimens8.1 Surface condition, cutting, fabrication, and packaging ofthe glass specimens shall be representati
27、ve of the glass whosestrength is to be evaluated.8.2 All glass specimens shall be visually inspected for edgeor surface irregularities prior to testing, and all questionableglass specimens shall not be tested.8.3 Glass specimens shall be handled carefully at all timesbecause the strength of glass is
28、 influenced by its surface andedge conditions.9. Calibration9.1 Pressure-measuring systems should be routinelychecked. If calibration is required, the manufacturers recom-mendations or good engineering practices should be followed.10. Required Information10.1 The specifying authority shall provide t
29、he magnitudeof the equivalent design load (positive or negative), theorientation of the glass specimen to the test chamber, theallowable probability of breakage for the glass specimens, andthe coefficient of variation of the breakage loads typical of theglass specimens tested.10.2 The specifying aut
30、hority shall state whether the glassspecimens shall be glazed in a standard test frame (see AnnexA1) or in a test frame designed to simulate a specific glazingsystem. If the test frame is to simulate a specific glazingsystem, complete glazing details and support conditions shallbe provided by the sp
31、ecifying authority.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.E997 11211. Selection of Proof Load and Sample Size11.1 The glass specimens shall be tested with a proof loadthat is larger than the equivalent design load. The proof load isfound by mult
32、iplying the design load by the proof load factor,a, as follows:qp5 aqd(1)where:qp= proof load,a = proof load factor, andqd= equivalent design load.11.1.1 If the glass specimens are to be tested in a standardtest frame, the proof load factor, a, is found inTables 1-4, giventhe equivalent design load
33、probability of breakage and theappropriate coefficient of variation, n. The proof load factor, a,corresponding to the minimum sample size or the maximumcapacity of the loading apparatus, shall be selected.11.1.2 If the glass specimens are to be tested in a test framethat is representative of a speci
34、fic glazing system, the maxi-mum allowable proof load that can be resisted by the test frameshall be determined using engineering principles. The proofload factor, a, is then determined by dividing the maximumallowable proof load by the equivalent design load. Tables 1-4are then entered with the cal
35、culated value of a, the specifiedcoefficient of variation, n, and the equivalent design loadprobability of breakage to determine the number of glassspecimens to be tested. If the corresponding entry in Table 1 isblank, then the proof load factor should be reduced to a valuebased upon a minimum sampl
36、e size.11.2 Rationale to develop Tables 1-4 is presented in Appen-dix X1.12. Procedure12.1 Measure and record the ambient temperature and therelative humidity.12.2 Install glass specimens in the test frame in accordancewith recommendations presented in Annex A1 for standardsupport conditions or as s
37、pecified for a specific glazing system.12.3 Apply one half of the proof load to the glass specimenand hold for 10 s. Reduce the test pressure to zero and vent thetest chamber for a period from 3 to 5 min before thepressure-measuring apparatus is adjusted to zero.12.4 If air leakage around the glass
38、specimen is excessive,tape may be used to cover any cracks and joints through whichleakage is occurring. However, tape shall not be used whenthere is a possibility that it will significantly restrict differentialmovement between the glass specimen and the test frame.12.5 Apply the proof load to the
39、glass specimen in a periodfrom 40 to 60 s, maintain the proof load for a specified period,and then vent the test chamber. Continuous load-time recordsshall be kept for the duration of the loading.12.6 If the glass specimen does not break, remove it fromthe test frame, and discard it. Select a new gl
40、ass specimen, andrepeat procedures in 12.2-12.5. If the glass specimen doesbreak, record the break and continue.12.7 Inspect the test frame for permanent deformation orother failures of principal members. If failure of the standardtest frame occurs, it shall be appropriately stiffened andstrengthene
41、d and the test restarted. If failure occurs in a userspecified test frame, the proof load shall be reduced or the testframe appropriately stiffened or strengthened and the testrestarted.12.8 Select a new glass specimen and repeat procedures in12.2-12.5.13. Interpretation of Results13.1 If no specime
42、n breaks during the test, the probability ofbreakage at the equivalent design load is judged to be signifi-cantly less than the specified probability of breakage.13.2 If more than four glass specimens break, the probabil-ity of breakage at the equivalent design load is judged to besignificantly grea
43、ter than the specified probability of breakage.13.3 If one to four glass specimen breaks occur, the prob-ability of breakage at the equivalent design load is judged tonot be significantly different than the specified probability ofbreakage.14. Report14.1 The report shall include the following inform
44、ation:14.1.1 The date of the test, the date of the report, theambient temperature, and the relative humidity.14.1.2 Identification of the glass specimens (manufacturer,source of supply, dimensions both nominal and measured,manufacturers designation, materials, and other pertinentinformation).14.1.3
45、Detailed drawings of the glass specimens, test frame,and test chamber indicating orientation of the glass specimen tothe test chamber.Acomplete description of pressure-measuringapparatus, and a statement that the test was conducted using astandard test frame or a test frame of the users design.TABLE
46、 1 Required Sample Size (n = 0.10)Proof Load Factor, a1.2 1.3Equivalent Design LoadProbability of Breakage0.010 110.009 120.008 120.007 130.006 150.005 170.004 190.003 240.002 31 100.001 53A15ATesting is not recommended because of excess expense.TABLE 2 Required Sample Size (n = 0.15)Proof Load Fact
47、or, a1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6Equivalent Design LoadProbability of Breakage0.010 150.009 160.008 18 100.007 20 110.006 22 120.005 26 130.004 31 150.003 40 19 110.002 55A26 140.001 106A47 24 13ATesting is not recommended because of excess expense.E997 11314.1.4 Records of pressure differences exerted across ea
48、chglass specimen during the test with each specimen beingproperly identified.14.1.5 Identification or description of any applicable speci-fication.14.1.6 A statement that the tests were conducted in accor-dance with this test method, or a full description of anydeviations.15. Precision and Bias15.1
49、Conclusions reached regarding the probability ofbreakage of the glass specimens tested are based upon statis-tical inference. As a result, there exists a small probability thatthe conclusion reached is incorrect. A full discussion ofassumptions made in development of the decision criteria ispresented in Appendix X1.16. Keywords16.1 curtain walls; destructive testing; doors; exterior win-dows; glass performance; performance testing; structural per-formance; uniform static loadsANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. STANDARD GLASS TEST FRAMEA1.1 IntroductionA1.1.1 The stan
