1、Designation: F 1084 90 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Guide forSampling Oil/Water Mixtures for Oil Spill RecoveryEquipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide is intended for sampling flowing or station-ary oil/water mixtures. It is intended for use with oil
3、 spillrecovery devices either in testing or in documentation of fieldperformance.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and de
4、termine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1744 Test Method for Water in Liquid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Karl Fischer Reagent3D 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils bythe Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)F 625 P
5、ractice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill Con-trol Systems3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide provides techniques for obtaining represen-tative samples of oil and water mixtures. This information isnecessary in the calculation of oil recovery efficiency and oilrecovery rates for oil collectio
6、n devices.3.2 Sampling Stationary MixturesWhen recovered oil/water mixtures are contained within a holding tank and therelative oil content of the recovered fluid is needed, thesampling technique is somewhat dependent on the container.Two techniques are outlined in this guide. If the container hasa
7、flat bottom with straight sides perpendicular to the base (ornearly so), either stationary technique can be implemented,with the stratified sampling method preferred. If the containeris irregular in either the horizontal or vertical cross section, themixing method is preferred.3.3 Sampling Flowing M
8、ixturesTo sample flowing mix-tures containing both oil and water, turbulence is induced, tocreate a homogenous mixture while sampling. The oil contentin the sample taken from the flowing stream can then be usedto quantify the performance rating criterion (see ProcedureSection of Test Method D 1796).
9、4. Number of Samples4.1 Take a minimum of four samples under each set ofconditions to average results and store the samples separately.In less ideal sampling conditions, take additional samples.5. Containers5.1 A dry, water-washed glass sample container.6. Labeling6.1 Mark the sample container with
10、the source, type of oil,date and time of sampling, the name of the person taking thesample, and a sample number. Require water and oil-resistantlabeling. If several receiving containers are to be sampled, theymust be identified and the samples marked for later coordina-tion.7. Preservation and Stora
11、ge7.1 The samples do not require special treatment to preservetheir integrity other than ensuring that they remain sealed untilanalyzed. Note date and time of analysis for each sample.8. Procedure8.1 Baseline DataThe test fluids may be crude, refined, orsynthetic oils. Record type, specific gravity,
12、 viscosity, andtemperature of each oil together with the environmentalconditions (see Practice F 625), air temperature, and slickthickness beyond the influence of the recovery equipment foreach test point.8.2 Sampling from a ContainerThis procedure is intendedfor taking a representative sample of co
13、llected fluids held in acontainer. When sampling containers, it is advisable to removeas much of the aqueous phase as possible prior to sampling. Ifthis is possible, measure and record the volume of water1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill
14、 Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.12 on Removal.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published February 2003. Originallyapproved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 1084 90 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
15、contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.removed
16、, which will contain dissolved hydrocarbons, for latercalculation of the relative oil/water composition. The precisionof the measurement will improve with removal of the aqueousphase.8.2.1 Mixing Method:8.2.1.1 Mix the container of stratified oil and water usingany method which will achieve homogene
17、ity during sampling(high-speed propeller, liquid jet, or homogenizing pump).Operate the mixer for a minimum of 5 min. Longer mixingtimes are preferable to ensure homogeneity.NOTE 1Although this mixing method has been geared toward electricmixers, alternate mixing methods could be used (air or liquid
18、 mixing jets,homogenizing pumps), so long as a homogeneous mixture of the entirevolume is created. Immediately after mixing, obtain a representativesample of the homogeneous mixture by lowering a 250 to 500-mLsmall-mouthed bottle (from which the cap has been removed) at a constantslow rate from the
19、surface of the mixture to the bottom of the tank.Immediately remove the bottle by slowly raising it through the mixture. Ifnecessary, repeat the process to ensure that at least 50 mL of sample willbe available for laboratory analysis. Do not fill the bottle to the top.8.2.1.2 LimitationsThe size of
20、the sampled fluid containeris limited by the mixing capability available for thoroughlyhomogenizing the oil and water. Mixtures where the relative oilcontent is less than 20 % probably will not form a stableemulsion for sampling; making this method inappropriate forthese mixtures.NOTE 2Certain oils
21、(N-dimethylformamide, military jet engine fuel,DMF, JP5) will not form stable emulsions. Speed is important in thesecases as the homogeneity of the mixture diminishes rapidly.8.2.2 Nonmixing Method:8.2.2.1 Where recovered oil/water mixtures cannot be ho-mogenized or the emulsion formed is not easily
22、 broken, inserta stratified sampler into the nonmixed fluids to obtain a crosssection of the fluids. Construct the stratified sampler as shownin Fig. 1.8.2.2.2 Stratified Mixture SamplingPlace the entire sam-pler within the mixture to be sampled, with the outer sheath inthe raised (open) position to
23、 expose the inner core. Lower theouter sheath to capture a set of samples in the annularsegments. Remove the entire sampler, wipe clean, and draineach sample container through a clean funnel.8.2.2.3 LimitationsSampling with this device limits thesize of the sampled tank. The physical workings of the
24、 samplerdictate that the tank cannot be greater in depth than the heightwhich the sample taker can comfortably reach above the top ofthe tank. Movement of the tank can give nonrepresentativesamples because of the rolling oil/water interface. Use on smallvessels in the high seas requires that additio
25、nal samples betaken and results averaged. The sampler must be thoroughlycleaned between sample takings.NOTE 3If the container is irregular in vertical cross section, thesegments within the sample should not be analyzed as a whole. Eachsegment must be analyzed separately and averaged on a representat
26、ive-volume-weight basis. Each segment must be large enough to capture a 50mL sample for analysis.8.3 Sampling from a FlowWhen it is necessary to samplea flowing stream, eliminate the possibility of multilayer orstratified flow and bring the stream into a turbulent flowcondition.8.3.1 Position a stat
27、ic mixer (sometimes called an in-line ormotionless mixer) in the skimmer discharge by-pass line, onthe high-pressure side of the recovery pump. Immediately afterthe static mixer, install a sampling port shaped like a fixed Pitottube (see Fig. 2) at the pipe center. It should be accessible andeasy to
28、 use. Specify the static mixer to produce disperseddroplets having a mean droplet diameter of approximately2000 m at the expected flow rate and oil content. This methodwill provide a representative sample which can be used todetermine the percentage of oil in the flowing oil/water mixtureencountered
29、.NOTE 1Align holes on slots in inner and outer sleeve to let sampleinto zones of the sampler. When sampler is closed, holes are covered andsampler is secured.FIG. 1 Stratified Sampler with Construction DetailsFIG. 2 Sampling BypassF 1084 90 (2002)2NOTE 4Because this is a measurement taken over a sho
30、rt timeinterval, it must be considered to be a differential measurement and manysamples must be taken to ensure validity, especially in the start up portionof the oil recovery operation when conditions are rapidly changing.NOTE 5Although this method requires many samples to be taken, it isadvisable
31、not to keep the sampling port in constant operation. The mixedfluids are, by choice, a dispersion which should separate readily, but theintentional mixing of the recovered oil and water should be avoided inongoing oil recovery operation. The mixing elements within the mixermay also cause a significa
32、nt pressure drop which may be deleterious toskimmer performance. The mixer will be sensitive to debris, particularlystring-like debris (sorbant, seaweed, fishing line) that will tend to wraparound the elements. The use of a by-pass parallel to the main flow isrecommended.NOTE 6Sampling ports, lines,
33、 or by-passes, should be purged for asuitable time before actual samples are taken.9. Procedure for Determining Percent of Oil in Mixtureby Instruction or Reference9.1 Refer to Test Method D 1744.10. Accuracy10.1 Stationary MixturesThese procedures have been de-veloped with known oil/water mixtures
34、in flat-bottom contain-ers holding less than 2 m3of mixture.10.1.1 Mixing MethodThe comparison of the known oilcontent to that determined using the mixing method yielded amaximum difference of 6 % and an average difference of 2 %.The known oil content error was approximately 1 %. The mixmethod will
35、yield results within 7 %.10.1.2 Stratified MethodThe comparison of known oilcontent to the determined oil content yielded a maximumdifference of 6 % and an average of 2 %. When the stratifiedmixture is sampled without free-standing water removal, theanalysis is considered to be accurate within 4 %.1
36、0.2 Flowing MixturesThe difference between the oilcontent determined with a sample of the total flow by themixing method and the oil content determined by averaging thePitot tube sample results was 4 %. The maximum differencewas 7 %, which is considered to be the limit of the accuracy inthe method.N
37、OTE 7These procedures (refer to Test Method D 1744) have beenconfirmed with known oil content ranging from 10 % to 90 %, but havenot undergone complete round-robin testing. The differences betweenknown oil content and analyzed oil content include the errors of samplingtechnique, sample retrieval, an
38、d sample analysis.11. Keywords11.1 oil spill; oil spill recovery; oil/water mixturesASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the
39、 validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your
40、 comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments
41、have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F 1084 90 (2002)3
