1、Designation: F1125 87 (Reapproved 2011)Standard Terminology ofImage Quality in Impact Printing Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1125; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology presents a means to accurately de-scribe the quality of impact printed images. This includes anup-to-date glos
3、sary and a description of probable causes forspecific phenomena that relate to image quality. Illustrations tocomplement the definitions of copy quality terms are included.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F149 Terminology Relating to Optical Character Recogni-tionF221 Terminology Relating
4、to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made TherefromF909 Terminology Relating to Printers3. Significance and Use3.1 This terminology includes terms developed and ap-proved by impact printing systems manufacturers, suppliesmanufacturers, and end users to describe most image qualityparam
5、eters concerning impact printed images.3.2 This terminology is intended to aid in general commu-nications on impact printer copy quality parameters andprovide a partial trouble shooting list, when less than accept-able copy quality is obtained.4. Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard4.1 ch
6、aracter spread amount of change of a characterwidth greater or less than the original character width on thetype element, printwheel, or hammer (see Fig. 1).4.2 correctability measure of image removal or cover-upby typing over with correction tapes or tabs (see Fig. 2).4.3 edge definition degree of
7、waviness along the edge oftype characters (see Fig. 3).4.4 extraneous ink and spatter the presence of ribbon inkwhere no images should be present. This ink cannot beremoved by wiping lightly (see Fig. 4).4.5 fill-inpresence of ribbon ink in an area of a printedcharacter that should be void of ink (s
8、ee Fig. 5).4.6 flaking or bridgingpresence of loose ribbon coatingmaterial attached to a character or in nonimage areas whichmay or may not be removed by lightly wiping. These flakesmay also appear in ribbon cartridges and as dirt in the machinebeing used (see Fig. 6).4.7 over-strike a void on a pri
9、nted character due tostriking over the same area of the ribbon as the previouscharacter when using a single strike ribbon (see Fig. 7).4.8 smudgetendency of a typed image to streak on toadjacent nonimage area when rubbed (see Fig. 8).4.9 spalling or hangerspresence of loose ribbon coatingmaterial at
10、tached to a character which may be removed bywiping lightly. Smears may result if the loose material isdisturbed, especially when encountered on multistrike ribbons(see Fig. 9).4.10 visual density the relative darkness of impact printedcharacters as judged by the eye (see Fig. 10).4.11 voids or brok
11、en characters absence of ink withincharacter outline (see Fig. 11).NOTE 1Additional terms may be found in Terminologies F149, F221,and F909.5. Interpretation5.1 The probable cause of obtaining less than acceptablecopy quality could be one or more of the defects listed inSection 4, or a cause(s) not
12、currently listed, or both.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 onBusiness Imaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.01on Nomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published September 2012. Originallyapproved in 1987.
13、Last previous edition approved in 2006 as F112587(2006). DOI:10.1520/F1125-87R11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page
14、 onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 1See 4.1 for a description of this term. Probable causes are asfollows:(1) Amount of ink on ribbon,(2 Ink formulation,(3) Type of ribbon (for example, single str
15、ike correctable or multistrike),(4) Type of paper used,(5) Type font used,(6) Condition of the type element, printwheel, or hammer (for example, worn ordirty),(7) Condition of the typewriter platen roll; and(8) Hammer energy used.FIG. 1 Character SpreadUncorrectedlower case “o”Poor machineregistrati
16、onExcessive characterspreadGood correction,no visible imageNOTE 1See 4.2 for a description of this term. Probable causes are asfollows:(1) Rough, cockle, or heavy laid paper surfaces,(2) Poor lift-off or cover-up material,(3) Excessive hammer energy,(4) Excessive coating on ribbon,(5) Poor machine r
17、egistration during overprinting withcorrection tape tab,(6) Paper not in uniform contact with the platen roll,(7) Platen roll needs reconditioning or replacement,(8) Wrong type of correction material for ribbon used,(9) Excessive line spread due to worn printwheel, and(10) Noncorrectable ribbon used
18、.FIG. 2 CorrectabilityNOTE 1See 4.3 for a description of this term. Probable causes are asfollows:(1) Amount of ink on ribbon,(2) Ink formulation,(3) Type of ribbon (for example, single strike correctable or multistrike),(4) Type of paper used,(5) Type font used, and(6) Worn or damaged printwheel, e
19、lement, or hammer.FIG. 3 Edge DefinitionF1125 87 (Reapproved 2011)2Spatter consists of ink spots around the character outline and is a defect most fre-quently associated with fabric ribbonsExtraneous ink consists of ink spots which may be attached to the characteroutline or randomly scattered around
20、 the characterNOTE 1See 4.4 for a description of this term. Probably causes are as follows:(1) Worn or damaged element, hammer, or printwheel,(2) Excessive coating on ribbon,(3) Poor ribbon-coating adhesion to base film, and(4) Rough, cockle, or heavy laid paper surfaces.FIG. 4 Extraneous Ink and Sp
21、latterNOTE 1It is common practice to use the “%” sign when checking for the fill-in tendency of ribbons. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Worn or damaged element, hammer, or printwheel,(2) Excessive coating on ribbon,(3) Poor ribbon tension control, and(4) Excessive hammer energy.FIG. 5 Fill-InThi
22、s partial filling in between lines of characters is bridging Flaking is randomly scattered spots usually found in non-image areas around typedcharacters. One test method is to use a series of lower case “h” charactersNOTE 1See 4.6 for a description of this term. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Ob
23、struction in cartridge, ribbon guides, or card guides disturbing coating on ribbon prior to typing,(2) Ribbon despooling prior to use,(3) Poor ribbon coating adhesion to base film,(4) Dirty typewriter,(5) Worn or damaged element, hammer, or printwheel,(6) Ribbon telescoping on supply side,(7) Excess
24、ive hammer energy,(8) Ribbon threaded incorrectly, and(9) Poor ribbon tension control.FIG. 6 Flaking or BridgingF1125 87 (Reapproved 2011)3On single strike ribbons, the shape of this void may match the previouscharacterOn a multistrike ribbon, part or the entire charactermay be less dense when overs
25、trike occursTotal character deletionNOTE 1See 4.7 for a description of this term. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Obstruction in cartridge,(2) Ribbon telescoping on supply or take-up side,(3) Poor ribbon tension control (ribbon flip), and(4) Inadequate ribbon drive torque.FIG. 7 Over-StrikeThe le
26、vel of smear in the nonimage areas is usually evaluated against visual standards or as a light reflectance value obtained with a densitometerNOTE 1It is common practice to use the upper case letter “I” when checking for the smudge tendency of ribbons. See 4.8 for a description of thisterm. Probable
27、causes are as follows:(1) Amount of ink on ribbon,(2) Ink formulation,(3) Type of ribbon (for example, single strike correctable or multistrike),(4) Type of paper used,(5) Type font used (for example, bold font may smear more),(6) Condition of the type element, printwheel, or hammer,(7) Condition of
28、 the typewriter platen roll, and(8) Dirty card guide or paper bail rolls, or both.FIG. 8 SmudgeSpalling usually appears as small chunks of ribbon coating at the edge ofcharactersThe most common test to determine the spalling tendency of coated ribbons is touse a series of underscores, then calculate
29、 the percent that contain the defectNOTE 1These two terms are used interchangeably for the same defect. See 4.9 for a description of these terms. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Poor ribbon coating adhesion to base film,(2) Excessive hammer energy,(3) Mismatch between type font and ribbon,(4) Poo
30、r ribbon tension control,(5) Paper not in uniform contact with the platen roll,(6) Platen roll needs reconditioning or replacement, and(7) Defective printwheel.FIG. 9 Spalling or HangerF1125 87 (Reapproved 2011)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights assert
31、ed in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by t
32、he responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive
33、 careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Interna
34、tional, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through
35、the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).NOTE 1See 4.10 for a description of this term. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Amount of ink on ribbon,(2) Ink formulation,(3) Overstriking may make imag
36、e appear lighter,(4) Type of ribbon (for example, single strike correctable or multistrike),(5) Type of paper used,(6) Type font used (for example, bold type font may appear darker),(7) Condition of the type element, printwheel, or hammer,(8) Condition of the typewriter platen roll, and(9) Hammer en
37、ergy used, especially with multistrike ribbons.FIG. 10 Visual DensityUpper case “M” (No voids) Partial Deletions and Voids Total Image DeletionNOTE 1See 4.11 for a description of this term. Probable causes are as follows:(1) Rough, cockle or heavy laid paper surfaces,(2) Insufficient hammer energy,(
38、3) Insufficient coating on ribbon,(4) Ribbon coating too dry,(5) Type font not compatible with the paper, hammer energy, platen, or ribbon (that is, too large), or both,(6) Contaminants on paper surface (that is, wax, fuser oil, or carbonless paper capsules),(7) Damaged or dirty print element, hamme
39、r or printwheel,(8) Poor ribbon cartridge tension control,(9) Obstruction in cartridge, ribbon guides, or card guides disturbing coat on ribbon prior to typing,(10) Ribbon threaded incorrectly,(11) Ribbon is folded over,(12) Ribbon is not moving freely,(13) Ribbon cartridge not properly sealed on ribbon deck,(14) Ribbon flip, and(15) Excessive ribbon tension (for example, coating offset).FIG. 11 Voids or Broken CharactersF1125 87 (Reapproved 2011)5
