1、Designation: F 1127 01 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Guide forContainment by Emergency Response Personnel ofHazardous Material Spills1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1127; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods to contain the spread ofhazardous materials that have been discharged
3、 into the envi-ronment. It is directed toward those emergency responsepersonnel who have had adequate hazardous material responsetraining.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 716 Test Methods for Sorbent Performance of AbsorbentsF 726 Test Method for Sorbent Performance of AdsorbentsF 1011 G
4、uide for Developing a Hazardous Materials Train-ing Curriculum for Initial Response PersonnelF 1129 Guide for Using Aqueous Foams to Control theVapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile LiquidsF 1525 Guide for Use of Membrane Technology in Mitigat-ing Hazardous Chemical SpillsF 1644 Guide for Health and
5、 Safety Training of Oil SpillRespondersF 1656 Guide for Health and Safety Training of Oil SpillResponders in the United States2.2 Federal Schedules:2001.32001.42008.13. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 absorbenta material that picks up and retains aliquid distribut
6、ed throughout its molecular structure causingthe solid to swell (50 % or more). The absorbent is at least70 % insoluble in excess fluid.3.1.2 adsorbentan insoluble material that is coated by aliquid on its surface including pores and capillaries.3.1.3 gellanta material such as colloidal network or o
7、theraggregate network which pervades and holds a liquid in ahighly viscous fragile structure. Many gels may rapidly liquefywith added heat or ionic/polar addition. These materials aresoluble/flowable in excess liquid.3.1.4 sorbentan insoluble material or mixture of materialsused to recover liquids t
8、hrough the mechanisms of absorptionor adsorption, or both.3.1.5 thickenera material (usually of higher molecularweight) that is soluble in excess liquid. These materials gofrom dry to gummy (viscoelastic) to flowable and then soluble.The final viscosity depends only on the liquid to solid ratio.3.1.
9、6 universal sorbentan insoluble material or mixture ofmaterials that will sorb both hydrophobic and hydrophilicliquid spills.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide contains information regarding the contain-ment of a hazardous material that has escaped from itscontainer. If a material can be containe
10、d, the impact on theenvironment and the threat it poses to responders and thegeneral public is usually reduced. The techniques described inthis guide are among those that may be used by emergencyresponders to lessen the impact of a discharge.4.2 Emergency responders might include police, fire servic
11、epersonnel, government spill response personnel, industrialresponse personnel, or spill response contractors. In order toapply any of the techniques described in this guide, appropriatetraining is recommended.5. Containment Methodology5.1 Containment equipment, procedures, and techniques canbe categ
12、orized into three general functional classes: (a) patch/plug, (b) enclosure, and (c) immobilization. The importantadvantage of containment is that it restricts the spreading of aspill and makes cleanup easier. Careful selection of techniques1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20
13、 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.22 on Mitigation Actions.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 1127 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visi
14、t the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-29
15、59, United States.and materials is required. Errors in judgment can lead toworsening of the situation, deflagration or detonation, andincreased hazard to personnel involved in the cleanup.6. Patches and Plugs (General)6.1 Diminishing or stopping the flow of a leaking hazardousmaterial is desirable i
16、n order to limit the size of the spill. Thefollowing techniques may be helpful in controlling leaks,provided response personnel can use them safely under exist-ing conditions. Whichever method is used, it should be notedthat the higher the pressure inside the container, the moredifficult it is to pl
17、ug the leak.6.1.1 Wood PlugWooden cones and wedges may behammered into leaking containers (drums, tanks, pipes, and soforth). Softwoods in particular are easily sawed or lathe-turnedand conform well to irregular shapes. Additionally, softwoodmay absorb liquid and swell, enhancing its capacity to sea
18、l aleak. Wedges or cedar shingles are especially applicable tosplits, gouges, rips, and tears. Rigid plywood sheets or com-patible closed cell flexible plastic foam 1 to 2-in. (25 to50-mm) thick can be fastened over a damaged area with “T”bolts, tie-down toggle, molly, butterfly bolts, straps, or by
19、mechanical bracing and wedging. To minimize leakage be-tween the plywood and the container, a gasket of rubber orflexible closed cell plastic foam, putty, butyl rubber caulk, leadwool, or oakum may be used.6.1.2 Metal SheetVarious sizes of steel or aluminumsheets can be fastened over damaged areas b
20、y mechanicalmethods (“T” bolts, toggle bolts, bracing, strapping, and soforth). Gasketing material between the metal and the containergenerally provides more positive sealing.6.1.3 Inflatable Plugs and BagsReinforced rubber andcoated-fabric plugs can be inserted into an opening and inflatedwith gas
21、(air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) or water to form a seal.Lead-sealing bags can be secured with straps, chains, cables,fire hoses, or bands to seal a leaking container.6.1.4 Fabric PatchFabrics such as neoprene-coated nyloncan be positioned over leaks and held in place by bands, chains,straps, and so
22、forth. Wood, plastic, or metal reinforcementsmay be required.6.1.5 Formed PlugClosedcell polymeric foam (for ex-ample, polyurethane or polyethylene), epoxy putty, or quick-setting hydraulic cement may be injected into a rigid concaveform through a tubular handle or it may be troweled onto theform an
23、d placed against the damaged area. Once the patchingmaterial hardens, the support form may be removed.6.1.6 Caulking PatchEpoxy, plastic steel/aluminum, leadwool, clay-polymer mixtures, and oakum can be spread,troweled, or peened into cracks and small holes. Rapid-curingmaterials are available.6.1.7
24、 Foam Plug (Self-Expanding)A package of polyeth-ylene, polyurethane, or low-density neoprene rubber foam (allclosed-cell) formed into a compact shape by compression andvacuum packing may be opened allowing the foam to expandand fill the leak area. These plugs may not be readily available.6.1.8 Magne
25、tic PatchMagnetic sheets (rubber-bondedbarium ferrite composite, with or without adhesive) backed bya thin sheet of steel foil may be strapped over the damagedarea.6.1.9 Mechanical PatchNeoprene or rubber stoppers, rub-ber balls, and plywood or spring steel sheets with neoprenegaskets can be mechani
26、cally held in or on the damaged area.Toggle and “T” bolts, washers, and wing nuts are usefulattachments.6.1.10 Adhesive PatchAdhesive patches sometimes workbut usually require tedious surface preparation. Tape (duct,lead, aluminum, or stainless steel) is useful when applied overa wooden or rubber pl
27、ug before application of epoxy to createa relatively permanent repair.6.1.11 Bladder WrapCoated fabric or reinforced rubberpipe patches (similar to a clamp) with integral inflation bladdercan be secured around a pipe or small round container withnylon self-adhesive fabric. Velcro, fire hoses, bandin
28、g/strapping material, or automotive tie-downs may be used tosecure the wrap.6.1.12 Pipe PinchA “C”-shaped clamp device with hy-draulically or explosively operated ram can flatten a section ofpipe to pinch off the fluid flow.7. Enclosure7.1 Approved salvage drums (overpacks, recovery drums,waste drum
29、s, “open-head” drums) may be used to encapsulateleaking drums or other small containers. Contaminated mate-rials (tools, clothing, soil) and plastic bags holding usedsorbents or contaminated items also may be enclosed insalvage drums.Approved enclosure containers may be used fortransport, storage, a
30、nd disposal of many hazardous materials.8. Immobilization8.1 Once a hazardous material has escaped from its con-tainer, it may be possible to immobilize the material to preventit from spreading. There are a number of methods that may beused to accomplish this task; these methods vary depending onwhe
31、ther the material is a liquid, a solid, or is volatile andescapes as a gas.8.2 Liquids:8.2.1 Spills of hazardous liquids (including slurries) are themost difficult of spill problems. Good management practiceaims to contain the material and localize it in a concentratedform. Typical procedures that c
32、an be used to affect thespreading of a spilled liquid are as follows:8.2.2 Change the physical properties of the liquid by modi-fying the viscosity or vapor pressure by temperature change(usually cooling).8.2.3 Immobilize the liquid by use of an adsorbent, absor-bent, or a gelling agent (see 8.3.1.2
33、).8.2.4 Pump to a suitable container or lined pit.8.2.5 Erect physical barriers.8.2.6 Form dikes from earth sandbags, water inflatable bags,weighted adsorbent foamed plastic, or absorbent sand mixture.8.2.7 Assemble collapsible containers (for example, plasticswimming pools, if compatible) or use a
34、plastic film-linedground depression or pit for containment.8.2.8 Deploy collection or containment devices such asboom curtains and portable dams. Suitable floating absorbentscan help in preventing these booms from being made ineffec-tive by stream current physically stripping liquid underneath.F 112
35、7 01 (2007)28.2.9 A porous or wire mesh boom can be efficiently usedwith the proper floating absorbent material. A board boom isalso effective in a ditch.8.2.10 A reverse flow weir can be used to concentratefloating fluids.8.2.11 Sewers or other types of drainage in the path of aspreading spill shou
36、ld be blocked. An absorbent/sand mixturecan be used as a sealing dike or a soft closed-cell plastic foamcan be used to cover the opening. Many impermeable systemscan be used to seal the openings.8.2.12 When a spilled material has a density greater thanwater, a weighted water insensitive sorbent can
37、be placed at thebottom of a watercourse or sewer to pick up and immobilize aspill.8.3 Land Spills:8.3.1 Typical methods for handling spills on land are listed,including pumping, sorbents (adsorbents and absorbents), gel-lants, dikes, dams, trenches, soil and dike sealants and physicalstate modificat
38、ions.8.3.1.1 PumpingIf a pool of spilled liquid can be con-tained on land, the most direct mitigation is to pump it into asuitable container (or to use a vacuum truck). Compatibility ofall equipment with the material being handled is necessary.Many of the typical materials widely used for oil contai
39、nmentand cleanup are not suitable for many hazardous materials.Gaskets and sealants for pumping units may be oil resistant butfail quickly with a hazardous material. For low-boiling-pointliquids, the pump inlet will have to be below the level of theliquid. Otherwise, pump suction will cause the liqu
40、id to boiland the pump to cavitate. When pumping materials whosevapor is flammable, use nonsparking or explosion-proof equip-ment. Employ a grounded system so that static electric buildupcannot occur at discharge ports or nozzles.8.3.1.2 SorbentsSorbent is an insoluble material and is ageneral term
41、applied to both absorbents and adsorbents. Thesource of these products can be natural or synthetic. They canbe organic, inorganic, or mixed in composition. Proper use ofthese materials depends on the compatibility with the type ofspill, location, and type of sorbent to be used. The FederalSchedule 2
42、008.1-1.1 and 2001.3 recommends the use of inertmaterials (that is, sorbents without reference to the size of aspill). It also gives the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) thedirective to use that material or method best suited to mitigatethe spill. A separate part of this regulation (2001.4) prohibitsaddin
43、g any harmful substance in any quantity to water. For“hazardous materials,” this prohibits the wringing out ofsorbents (absorbents) for reuse. So-called “universal or broadrange” sorbents are covered in 8.3.1.7, since they are oftenmixtures of the singly defined types. It is also true that thebroad
44、range of materials considered hazardous makes a trulyuniversal material unlikely. Since these materials are totallydifferent, the definitions developed in Test Methods F 716 andF 726 are included in Section 3 of this guide.8.3.1.3 AdsorbentsAdsorbent materials are insoluble andinert to the spilled m
45、aterial and usually have a large surfacearea. Since adsorption is by definition only a surface coatingprocess, high surface area is advantageous if the fluid hassufficiently low viscosity to cover it. An incomplete list ofadsorbent materials includes plastic foams, plastic fibers, straw,peat, sand,
46、porous clay, feathers, foamed glass and silicates,activated alumina, and soil. The surface can be external as in afiber, or internal as inside a granule of activated carbon. If thesolid matrix does not change size, then the sorption phenom-enon is called adsorption and the material for the liquidint
47、ended is an adsorbent. Since the spilled fluid is available onthe surface of an adsorbent, it may be removable. This can bean advantage if separation following recovery is important. It isdetrimental to the extent that:(1) The liquid can usually be removed by leaching (even bywater used in clean up)
48、, rain, and so forth.(2) Vaporization loss is often increased by increasingexposed surface area. If the vapor is toxic or hazardous, thiscould be a major consideration.(3) The adsorbent may leak fluid, causing secondary spillproblems.(4) Since adsorbents can usually be wrung out, they easilycontamin
49、ate personnel handling them. In the line of safetyawareness, what is suitable for No. 6 fuel oil or even No. 2 fueloil may be inadequate, if not hazard increasing, for gasoline,styrene, acrylonitrile, and so forth.8.3.1.4 AbsorbentsAbsorbent materials are insoluble andinert to the spilled material but physically swell up in it. Theyoften have a low surface area. They are also adsorbent by thenature of their surface area but since this area is small, they arenot often used as adsorbents. Those absorbents useful in spillcontrol do not dissolve in the spilled flui
