1、Designation: F 1127 07Standard Guide forContainment of Hazardous Material Spills by EmergencyResponse Personnel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1127; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、 last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods to contain the spread ofhazardous materials that have been discharged into the envi-ron
3、ment. It is directed toward those emergency responsepersonnel who have had adequate hazardous material responsetraining.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 716 Test Methods for Sorbent Performance of AbsorbentsF 726 Test Method for Sorbent Performance of AdsorbentsF 1129 Guide for Using Aqu
4、eous Foams to Control theVapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile LiquidsF 1525 Guide for Use of Membrane Technology in Mitigat-ing Hazardous Chemical Spills2.2 Federal Schedules:32001.32001.42008.13. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 absorbenta material that picks up
5、and retains aliquid distributed throughout its molecular structure causingthe solid to swell (50 % or more). The absorbent is at least70 % insoluble in excess fluid.3.1.2 adsorbentan insoluble material that is coated by aliquid on its surface including pores and capillaries.3.1.3 gellanta material s
6、uch as colloidal network or otheraggregate network which pervades and holds a liquid in ahighly viscous fragile structure. Many gels may rapidly liquefywith added heat or ionic/polar addition. These materials aresoluble/flowable in excess liquid.3.1.4 sorbentan insoluble material or mixture of mater
7、ialsused to recover liquids through the mechanisms of absorptionor adsorption, or both.3.1.5 thickenera material (usually of higher molecularweight) that is soluble in excess liquid. These materials gofrom dry to gummy (viscoelastic) to flowable and then soluble.The final viscosity depends only on t
8、he liquid to solid ratio.3.1.6 universal sorbentan insoluble material or mixture ofmaterials that will sorb both hydrophobic and hydrophilicliquid spills.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide contains information regarding the contain-ment of a hazardous material that has escaped from itscontainer.
9、If a material can be contained, the impact on theenvironment and the threat it poses to responders and thegeneral public is usually reduced. The techniques described inthis guide are among those that may be used by emergencyresponders to lessen the impact of a discharge.4.2 Emergency responders migh
10、t include police, fire servicepersonnel, government spill response personnel, industrialresponse personnel, or spill response contractors. In order toapply any of the techniques described in this guide, appropriatetraining is recommended.5. Containment Methodology5.1 Containment equipment, procedure
11、s, and techniques canbe categorized into three general functional classes: (a) patch/plug, (b) enclosure, and (c) immobilization. The importantadvantage of containment is that it restricts the spreading of aspill and makes cleanup easier. Careful selection of techniquesand materials is required. Err
12、ors in judgment can lead toworsening of the situation, deflagration or detonation, andincreased hazard to personnel involved in the cleanup.6. Patches and Plugs (General)6.1 Diminishing or stopping the flow of a leaking hazardousmaterial is desirable in order to limit the size of the spill. Thefollo
13、wing techniques may be helpful in controlling leaks,1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.22 on Mitigation Actions.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2007. Published December 2007. O
14、riginallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F 1127 01 (2007).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary
15、 page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Stat
16、es.provided response personnel can use them safely under exist-ing conditions. Whichever method is used, it should be notedthat the higher the pressure inside the container, the moredifficult it is to plug the leak.6.1.1 Wood PlugWooden cones and wedges may behammered into leaking containers (drums,
17、 tanks, pipes, and soforth). Softwoods in particular are easily sawed or lathe-turnedand conform well to irregular shapes. Additionally, softwoodmay absorb liquid and swell, enhancing its capacity to seal aleak. Wedges or cedar shingles are especially applicable tosplits, gouges, rips, and tears. Ri
18、gid plywood sheets or com-patible closed cell flexible plastic foam 1 to 2-in. (25 to50-mm) thick can be fastened over a damaged area with “T”bolts, tie-down toggle, molly, butterfly bolts, straps, or bymechanical bracing and wedging. To minimize leakage be-tween the plywood and the container, a gas
19、ket of rubber orflexible closed cell plastic foam, putty, butyl rubber caulk, leadwool, or oakum may be used.6.1.2 Metal SheetVarious sizes of steel or aluminumsheets can be fastened over damaged areas by mechanicalmethods (“T” bolts, toggle bolts, bracing, strapping, and soforth). Gasketing materia
20、l between the metal and the containergenerally provides more positive sealing.6.1.3 Inflatable Plugs and BagsReinforced rubber andcoated-fabric plugs can be inserted into an opening and inflatedwith gas (air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) or water to form a seal.Lead-sealing bags can be secured with str
21、aps, chains, cables,fire hoses, or bands to seal a leaking container.6.1.4 Fabric PatchFabrics such as neoprene-coated nyloncan be positioned over leaks and held in place by bands, chains,straps, and so forth. Wood, plastic, or metal reinforcementsmay be required.6.1.5 Formed PlugClosedcell polymeri
22、c foam (for ex-ample, polyurethane or polyethylene), epoxy putty, or quick-setting hydraulic cement may be injected into a rigid concaveform through a tubular handle or it may be troweled onto theform and placed against the damaged area. Once the patchingmaterial hardens, the support form may be rem
23、oved.6.1.6 Caulking PatchEpoxy, plastic steel/aluminum, leadwool, clay-polymer mixtures, and oakum can be spread,troweled, or peened into cracks and small holes. Rapid-curingmaterials are available.6.1.7 Foam Plug (Self-Expanding)A package of polyeth-ylene, polyurethane, or low-density neoprene rubb
24、er foam (allclosed-cell) formed into a compact shape by compression andvacuum packing may be opened allowing the foam to expandand fill the leak area. These plugs may not be readily available.6.1.8 Magnetic PatchMagnetic sheets (rubber-bondedbarium ferrite composite, with or without adhesive) backed
25、 bya thin sheet of steel foil may be strapped over the damagedarea.6.1.9 Mechanical PatchNeoprene or rubber stoppers, rub-ber balls, and plywood or spring steel sheets with neoprenegaskets can be mechanically held in or on the damaged area.Toggle and “T” bolts, washers, and wing nuts are usefulattac
26、hments.6.1.10 Adhesive PatchAdhesive patches sometimes workbut usually require tedious surface preparation. Tape (duct,lead, aluminum, or stainless steel) is useful when applied overa wooden or rubber plug before application of epoxy to createa relatively permanent repair.6.1.11 Bladder WrapCoated f
27、abric or reinforced rubberpipe patches (similar to a clamp) with integral inflation bladdercan be secured around a pipe or small round container withnylon self-adhesive fabric. Velcro, fire hoses, banding/strapping material, or automotive tie-downs may be used tosecure the wrap.6.1.12 Pipe PinchA “C
28、”-shaped clamp device with hy-draulically or explosively operated ram can flatten a section ofpipe to pinch off the fluid flow.7. Enclosure7.1 Approved salvage drums (overpacks, recovery drums,waste drums, “open-head” drums) may be used to encapsulateleaking drums or other small containers. Contamin
29、ated mate-rials (tools, clothing, soil) and plastic bags holding usedsorbents or contaminated items also may be enclosed insalvage drums.Approved enclosure containers may be used fortransport, storage, and disposal of many hazardous materials.8. Immobilization8.1 Once a hazardous material has escape
30、d from its con-tainer, it may be possible to immobilize the material to preventit from spreading. There are a number of methods that may beused to accomplish this task; these methods vary depending onwhether the material is a liquid, a solid, or is volatile andescapes as a gas.8.2 Liquids:8.2.1 Spil
31、ls of hazardous liquids (including slurries) are themost difficult of spill problems. Good management practiceaims to contain the material and localize it in a concentratedform. Typical procedures that can be used to affect thespreading of a spilled liquid are as follows:8.2.2 Change the physical pr
32、operties of the liquid by modi-fying the viscosity or vapor pressure by temperature change(usually cooling).8.2.3 Immobilize the liquid by use of an adsorbent, absor-bent, or a gelling agent (see 8.3.1.2).8.2.4 Pump to a suitable container or lined pit.8.2.5 Erect physical barriers.8.2.6 Form dikes
33、from earth sandbags, water inflatable bags,weighted adsorbent foamed plastic, or absorbent sand mixture.8.2.7 Assemble collapsible containers (for example, plasticswimming pools, if compatible) or use a plastic film-linedground depression or pit for containment.8.2.8 Deploy collection or containment
34、 devices such asboom curtains and portable dams. Suitable floating absorbentscan help in preventing these booms from being made ineffec-tive by stream current physically stripping liquid underneath.8.2.9 A porous or wire mesh boom can be efficiently usedwith the proper floating absorbent material. A
35、 board boom isalso effective in a ditch.8.2.10 A reverse flow weir can be used to concentratefloating fluids.8.2.11 Sewers or other types of drainage in the path of aspreading spill should be blocked. An absorbent/sand mixturecan be used as a sealing dike or a soft closed-cell plastic foamF1127072ca
36、n be used to cover the opening. Many impermeable systemscan be used to seal the openings.8.2.12 When a spilled material has a density greater thanwater, a weighted water insensitive sorbent can be placed at thebottom of a watercourse or sewer to pick up and immobilize aspill.8.3 Land Spills:8.3.1 Ty
37、pical methods for handling spills on land are listed,including pumping, sorbents (adsorbents and absorbents), gel-lants, dikes, dams, trenches, soil and dike sealants and physicalstate modifications.8.3.1.1 PumpingIf a pool of spilled liquid can be con-tained on land, the most direct mitigation is t
38、o pump it into asuitable container (or to use a vacuum truck). Compatibility ofall equipment with the material being handled is necessary.Many of the typical materials widely used for oil containmentand cleanup are not suitable for many hazardous materials.Gaskets and sealants for pumping units may
39、be oil resistant butfail quickly with a hazardous material. For low-boiling-pointliquids, the pump inlet will have to be below the level of theliquid. Otherwise, pump suction will cause the liquid to boiland the pump to cavitate. When pumping materials whosevapor is flammable, use nonsparking or exp
40、losion-proof equip-ment. Employ a grounded system so that static electric buildupcannot occur at discharge ports or nozzles.8.3.1.2 SorbentsSorbent is an insoluble material and is ageneral term applied to both absorbents and adsorbents. Thesource of these products can be natural or synthetic. They c
41、anbe organic, inorganic, or mixed in composition. Proper use ofthese materials depends on the compatibility with the type ofspill, location, and type of sorbent to be used. The FederalSchedule 2008.1-1.1 and 2001.3 recommends the use of inertmaterials (that is, sorbents without reference to the size
42、 of aspill). It also gives the On-Scene Coordinator (OSC) thedirective to use that material or method best suited to mitigatethe spill. A separate part of this regulation (2001.4) prohibitsadding any harmful substance in any quantity to water. For“hazardous materials,” this prohibits the wringing ou
43、t ofsorbents (absorbents) for reuse. So-called “universal or broadrange” sorbents are covered in 8.3.1.7, since they are oftenmixtures of the singly defined types. It is also true that thebroad range of materials considered hazardous makes a trulyuniversal material unlikely. Since these materials ar
44、e totallydifferent, the definitions developed in Test Methods F 716 andF 726 are included in Section 3 of this guide.8.3.1.3 AdsorbentsAdsorbent materials are insoluble andinert to the spilled material and usually have a large surfacearea. Since adsorption is by definition only a surface coatingproc
45、ess, high surface area is advantageous if the fluid hassufficiently low viscosity to cover it. An incomplete list ofadsorbent materials includes plastic foams, plastic fibers, straw,peat, sand, porous clay, feathers, foamed glass and silicates,activated alumina, and soil. The surface can be external
46、 as in afiber, or internal as inside a granule of activated carbon. If thesolid matrix does not change size, then the sorption phenom-enon is called adsorption and the material for the liquidintended is an adsorbent. Since the spilled fluid is available onthe surface of an adsorbent, it may be remov
47、able. This can bean advantage if separation following recovery is important. It isdetrimental to the extent that:(1) The liquid can usually be removed by leaching (even bywater used in clean up), rain, and so forth.(2) Vaporization loss is often increased by increasingexposed surface area. If the va
48、por is toxic or hazardous, thiscould be a major consideration.(3) The adsorbent may leak fluid, causing secondary spillproblems.(4) Since adsorbents can usually be wrung out, they easilycontaminate personnel handling them. In the line of safetyawareness, what is suitable for No. 6 fuel oil or even N
49、o. 2 fueloil may be inadequate, if not hazard increasing, for gasoline,styrene, acrylonitrile, and so forth.8.3.1.4 AbsorbentsAbsorbent materials are insoluble andinert to the spilled material but physically swell up in it. Theyoften have a low surface area. They are also adsorbent by thenature of their surface area but since this area is small, they arenot often used as adsorbents. Those absorbents useful in spillcontrol do not dissolve in the spilled fluid but physicallycontain it in a form with minimum surface area. This reductionin surface area lowers the r
