1、Designation: F 1157 04Standard Practice forClassifying the Relative Performance of the PhysicalProperties of Security Seals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers methods for testing the physicalproperties of mechanical (passive) security seals.
3、Where ap-propriate, the various tests include particular apparatus orprocedural specifications required for different types of secu-rity seals. This practice does not address adhesive (tape or labelstyle) or electronic types of security seals.1.2 This practice will serve as a basis for comparing the
4、response of various security seals under different simulatedmodes of attack. The security seal to be evaluated shall first beclassified into established groupings, and then tested in themanner designated as most suitable for that class of seal, inaccordance with Classification F 832.1.3 A mechanical
5、 security seal is a single use, passivedevice intended to detect tampering or entry into the sealeditem. Removal of the security seal requires permanent andirreversible damage to the seal. The following proceduresreflect the relative performance of security seals when subjectto various destructive p
6、hysical attacks. These tests simulateknown and likely security seal implementation and attackmethods.1.4 Security seals often contain unique identification mark-ings for authentication purposes to discourages duplication andto prevent reapplication. This practice does not address uniqueidentifiers o
7、r vulnerabilities of security seals.NOTE 1See Guide F 1158 for procedures on the inspection andevaluation of tampering of security seals.1.5 It is the responsibility of users of this practice tointerpret their specific security needs concerning the applica-tion of seals, and to determine the grade o
8、f seal appropriate fortheir particular application. ASTM assumes no responsibilityfor losses occurring as a result of a defeated seal, whether thedefeat is apparent, or the seal is not suited for its application.1.6 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as the standard. The valu
9、es in parentheses are givenfor information only.1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest procedures portion, Section 6, of this practice. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the usero
10、f this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 832 Classification for Security SealsF 883 Performance Specification for PadlocksF 946 Guide for Establishing Secur
11、ity Seal Control andAccountability ProceduresF 1158 Guide for Inspection and Evaluation of Tamperingof Security Seals3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 locked sealcondition, as intended by the manufac-turer, which secures the sealed item and cannot be reversed oropened without physical destruction
12、of the security seal.3.1.2 open conditioncondition which could allow entryinto the sealed item and, for the purposes of this practice, afailed security seal.3.1.3 security sealpassive, one-time locking device usedto indicate tampering or entry, and may be designed to offerlimited resistance to force
13、d entry. Security seals require inspec-tion to determine a tampering or entry event.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A security seal shall be evaluated in accordance with itsclassification into one of five general groups and its perfor-mance in the following six tests: pull (tensile) shear, bending,impact,
14、 low temperature impact, and high temperature pull(tensile).4.2 A security seal shall receive a grade designation basedupon its measured performance in each of the required tests.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on SecuritySystems and Equipment and is the direct respons
15、ibility of Subcommittee F 12.50 onLocking Devices.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2004. Published September 2004. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 1157 90 (2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Ser
16、vice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.This grade shall be obtained by testing fiv
17、e individual seals ineach of the six specific tests. A minimum of 30 security sealspecimens shall be required to complete testing. The gradedesignation shall be determined by comparing the averagevalue of the five test results to the corresponding gradeclassification tables presented in this practic
18、e.4.3 All tests shall be performed at ambient room tempera-ture 65 6 5F (18.3 6 2.8C) unless otherwise indicated.5. Seal Classification5.1 GeneralFor the purpose of defining the most appro-priate test configuration of the security seal during tests, thesecurity seal shall be classified as an initial
19、 step in accordancewith the groups defined in Classification F 832.5.2 For the purpose of comparing the physical properties ofsecurity seals, seals are grouped in accordance with thefollowing description of application seals: 5.2.1 Groups:NOTE 1Pin diameter 0.250 in. (6.35 mm) for smallest cross sec
20、tion dimension less than or equal to 0.125 in. (318 mm).NOTE 2Pin diameter 0.500 in. (12.7 mm) for smallest cross section dimension greater than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm).NOTE 3Tolerance: 60.010 in. (0.254 mm).FIG. 1 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Requirements for Groups 1 and 2FIG. 2 S
21、chematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Requirements for Group 3FIG. 3 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test FixtureRequirements for Group 4F11570425.2.1.1 Group 1Flexible cable and wire seals, which canbe fixed or adjustable length.5.2.1.2 Group 2Strap and cinch seals.5.2.1.3 Group 3Ri
22、gid bolt and rod seals, including heavyduty metal padlock type.5.2.1.4 Group 4Twisted rod or wire seals (pigtail).5.2.1.5 Group 5Padlock type seals, scored seals, metal orplastic base.5.3 If a particular security seal does not appear to fall intoany of these general classifications, the closest desc
23、ription shallbe chosen by the user. The effectiveness of the testingprocedures and relevance of the test data may be jeopardizedby a faulty classification choice. These general groupings shallbe assigned the arbitrary numerical listing of one through five,respectively, as shown in 5.2.1. The group n
24、umber shall bedocumented with the test results.5.4 The required performance levels in any test categoryshall not be affected by this general classification (see 5.2.1);only the manner in which the seal is physically manipulatedduring subsequent testing shall be affected by this portion ofthe evaluat
25、ion. All seals shall be tested in a locked positionusing test fixtures appropriate for the seal group.6. Test Procedures6.1 Pull (Tensile) Test:6.1.1 Apply a pull (tensile) load to the locked security sealin a direction opposite to the motion required to lock the seal.The travel rate of the test sha
26、ll be 2 6 1 in./min (5.08 6 2.54cm/min).6.1.2 Fixtures necessary to perform this test are determinedby the group classification of the security seal. Figs. 1-4 showfixture requirements for the classification groups. Possiblefixture configurations are shown in Fig. 5.6.1.2.1 Fixtures shall be designe
27、d such that applied stressesare within the elastic limit of the fixture material.6.1.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificialinfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the testspecimen.6.1.3 Record the tensile value required to cause an opencondition for each of the fiv
28、e test specimens. Assign the gradedesignation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 1.6.2 Shear Test:6.2.1 Apply a shear force to the security seal specimen tomeasure its resistance to a severing action. The shear planeFIG. 4 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test FixtureRequirements for Group 5FIG. 5
29、 Schematic Drawings of Possible Pull (Tensile) Test FixtureConfigurationsNOTE 1All dimensions are in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).NOTE 2See Performance Specification F 883 for definition of cutterjaws.FIG. 6 Fixture for Use in Shear Test for Security Seals (PatternedAfter Padlock Shackle Cutting Fixture
30、 in PerformanceSpecification F 883)F1157043shall occur at the security seals weakest section. The shear rateshall be 0.5 6 0.2 in./min (1.27 6 0.508 cm/min).6.2.2 Fixtures necessary to perform this test are determinedby the specimens cross-sectional dimensions, material, andconstruction.6.2.2.1 Fixt
31、ures shall be designed such that applied stressesare within the elastic limit of the fixture material.6.2.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificialinfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the testspecimen.(1) Conduct shear tests with the shackle cutting fixture andblad
32、es defined in Performance Specification F 883 (see Fig. 6).(2) Conduct shear test with precise shear fixture defined inFig. 7 if the fixture defined in 6.2.2.2(1) cannot sever thesecurity seal. The precision cutting fixture is designed forsmaller cross sections and flexible materials. (WarningDonot
33、exceed a shear force greater than 2000 lbf (8896 N). If aspecimen does not sever during the application of 2001 lbf(8900 N), halt test and unload test equipment. Record shearforce of 2000 lbf (8896 N). Do not test specimen to failure.Sudden and violent rupture of the test specimen can endangerperson
34、nel, equipment, and property.)NOTE 1Hole through specimen holder shall not exceed 10 % of the cross section dimension(s) of specimen.NOTE 2Hardness of cutting jaw 60 to 62 Rockwell “C” scale.NOTE 3Cutting jaw shall remain parallel 60.005 in. (0.127 mm) to specimen holder.NOTE 4Tolerance 60.005 in. (
35、0.127 mm); 60.01 in. (0.254 mm); 60.5.FIG. 7 Precision Shear Fixture for Use in Shear TestFIG. 8 Schematic Drawing of Bending Test Fixture as Applied toGroups 1 and 2FIG. 9 Schematic Drawing of Bending Test Fixture as Applied toGroups 3 and 4FIG. 10 Schematic Drawing of Bending Test as Applied toMet
36、allic Padlock Class 5 Security SealsF11570446.2.3 Record the shear force required to cause an opencondition for each of the five test specimens. Assign the gradedesignation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 2.6.3 Bending Test:6.3.1 Apply a moment to the security seal specimen tomeasure its resistance
37、 to a bending or twisting action. For thepurpose of the bending test, security seals are categorized asflexible (Groups 1 and 2), rigid (Groups 3 and 4), padlockswith metallic hasps (Group 5), and padlocks with non-metallichasps (Group 5).6.3.2 Flexible security seals include cable and wire seals(Gr
38、oup 1), and strap and cinch seals (Group 2) and shall besubjected to bending. Fig. 8 shows necessary fixture require-ments.6.3.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stressesare within the elastic limit of the fixture material.6.3.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificiali
39、nfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the testspecimen.6.3.2.3 The pre-test orientation shall be considered 0. Bendthe security seal from 0 to 90. Reverse the motion and bendthe security seal from 90 to -90, an arc of 180. Repeat this180 arc until the security seal exhibits an open c
40、ondition.6.3.2.4 Record the bending cycles required to cause an opencondition for each of the five test specimens. A bending cycleis defined as one complete arc of 180. Assign the gradedesignation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 3.6.3.3 Rigid security seals include rigid bolt, rod and heavyduty met
41、al padlock security seals (Group 3), and twisted rod orwire seals (Group 4), and shall be subjected to bending. Fig. 9shows necessary fixture requirements.FIG. 11 Schematic Drawing of Bending Test as Applied toNonmetallic Padlock Group 5 Security SealsTABLE 1 Pull (Tensile) Test Requirements for Gra
42、deClassification of Security Seals at Room (65F (18.3C) andElevated Temperature (180F (82.2C)Load to Failure,(lbf (N)Seal Grade LevelAwarded5000 (22241) F3000 to 5000 (13345 to 22241) E1000 to 3000 (4448 to 13345) D200 to 1000 (890 to 4448) C50 to 200 (222 to 890) B1 to 50 (4.45 to 222) ATABLE 2 She
43、ar Test Requirements for Grade Classification ofSecurity SealsCompressive Load to Cut,lbf (N)Seal Grade LevelAwarded2000 (8896) F1000 to 2000 (4448 to 8896) E750 to 1000 (3336 to 4448) D500 to 750 (2224 to 3336) C200 to 500 (890 to 2224) B1 to 200 (4.45 to 890) ATABLE 3 Bending Test Requirements for
44、 Grade Classification ofFlexible Security Seals Groups 1,2, and 5 (Non-Metallic Padlock)Cycles to Failure for Bendingof Flexible SealsSeal Grade LevelAwarded2001 or more F1001 to 2000 E501 to 1000 D251 to 500 C101 to 250 B1 to 100 ATABLE 4 Bending Test Requirements for Grade Classification ofRigid S
45、ecurity Seals Groups 3, 4, and 5 (Metallic Padlock)Maximum Bending Moment, lbf-ft (Nm),for Bending of Rigid SealsSeal Grade LevelAwarded70 (94.91) F50 to 70 (67.79 to 94.91) E35 to 50 (47.45 to 67.79) D20 to 35 (27.12 to 47.45) C10 to 20 (13.56 to 27.12) B10 or less (13.56 or less) ATABLE 5 Impact T
46、est Requirements for Grade Classification ofSecurity Seals at Room Temperature (65F (18.3C) and ReducedTemperature (-10F (-23.3C)Impact Loading Sustained,ft-lbf (J)Seal Grade LevelAwarded50 (67.79) F40 to 50 (54.23 to 67.79) E30 to 40 (40.67 to 54.23) D20 to 30 (27.12 to 40.67) C10 to 20 (13.56 to 2
47、7.12) B10 or less (13.56 or less) AF11570456.3.3.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stressesare within the elastic limit of the fixture material.6.3.3.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificialinfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the testspecimen.6.3.3.3 T
48、he pre-test orientation shall be considered 0. Bendthe security seal and measure the moment necessary to bendfrom 0 to 90. Reverse the applied bending and measure themoment necessary to cause a bend from 90 to 0. Repeat thisrange of motion, until the security seal exhibits an opencondition. For calc
49、ulation purposes, the moment arm is definedas the perpendicular distance between line of action of theapplied force and the point of bend.6.3.3.4 Record the maximum bending moment required tocause an open condition for each of the five test specimens.Assign the grade designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table4.6.3.4 Metallic hasp padlock security seals (Group 5) shall besubjected to a twisting or torsional moment. Fig. 10 showsnecessary fixture requirements.6.3.4.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stressesare within t
