1、Designation: F1157 04 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Practice forClassifying the Relative Performance of the PhysicalProperties of Security Seals1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers methods for testing the physicalproperties of mechanical (passive) s
3、ecurity seals. Whereappropriate, the various tests include particular apparatus orprocedural specifications required for different types of secu-rity seals. This practice does not address adhesive (tape or labelstyle) or electronic types of security seals.1.2 This practice will serve as a basis for
4、comparing theresponse of various security seals under different simulatedmodes of attack. The security seal to be evaluated shall first beclassified into established groupings, and then tested in themanner designated as most suitable for that class of seal, inaccordance with Classification F832.1.3
5、A mechanical security seal is a single use, passivedevice intended to detect tampering or entry into the sealeditem. Removal of the security seal requires permanent andirreversible damage to the seal. The following proceduresreflect the relative performance of security seals when subjectto various d
6、estructive physical attacks. These tests simulateknown and likely security seal implementation and attackmethods.1.4 Security seals often contain unique identification mark-ings for authentication purposes to discourage duplication andto prevent reapplication. This practice does not address uniqueid
7、entifiers or vulnerabilities of security seals.NOTE 1See Guide F1158 for procedures on the inspection andevaluation of tampering of security seals. See also Guide F946.1.5 It is the responsibility of users of this practice tointerpret their specific security needs concerning the applica-tion of seal
8、s, and to determine the grade of seal appropriate fortheir particular application. ASTM assumes no responsibilityfor losses occurring as a result of a defeated seal, whether thedefeat is apparent, or the seal is not suited for its application.1.6 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to bereg
9、arded as the standard. The values in parentheses are givenfor information only.1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to thetest procedures portion, Section 6, of this practice. Thisstandard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any, associated with its use. It is
10、the responsibility of the userof this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthpractices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-tions prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F832 Classification for Security SealsF883 Performance Specification for PadlocksF946
11、Guide for Establishing Security Seal Control andAccountability ProceduresF1158 Guide for Inspection and Evaluation of Tampering ofSecurity Seals3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 locked sealcondition, as intended by themanufacturer, which secures the sealed item and cannot bereversed or opened with
12、out physical destruction of the securityseal.3.1.2 open conditioncondition which could allow entryinto the sealed item and, for the purposes of this practice, afailed security seal.3.1.3 security sealpassive, one-time locking device usedto indicate tampering or entry, and may be designed to offer1Th
13、is practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on SecuritySystems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.50 onLocking Devices.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2015. Published January 2015. Originallyapproved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as
14、F1157 04 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/F1157-04R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM Inter
15、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1limited resistance to forced entry. Security seals require inspec-tion to determine a tampering or entry event.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A security seal shall be evaluated in accordance with itsclassificati
16、on into one of five general groups and its perfor-mance in the following six tests: pull (tensile) shear, bending,impact, low temperature impact, and high temperature pull(tensile).4.2 A security seal shall receive a grade designation basedupon its measured performance in each of the required tests.
17、This grade shall be obtained by testing five individual seals ineach of the six specific tests. A minimum of 30 security sealspecimens shall be required to complete testing. The gradedesignation shall be determined by comparing the averagevalue of the five test results to the corresponding gradeclas
18、sification tables presented in this practice.4.3 All tests shall be performed at ambient room tempera-ture 65 6 5F (18.3 6 2.8C) unless otherwise indicated.5. Seal Classification5.1 GeneralFor the purpose of defining the most appro-priate test configuration of the security seal during tests, thesecu
19、rity seal shall be classified as an initial step in accordancewith the groups defined in Classification F832.5.2 For the purpose of comparing the physical properties ofsecurity seals, seals are grouped in accordance with thefollowing description of application seals:5.2.1 Groups:5.2.1.1 Group 1Flexi
20、ble cable and wire seals, which canbe fixed or adjustable length.5.2.1.2 Group 2Strap and cinch seals.5.2.1.3 Group 3Rigid bolt and rod seals, including heavyduty metal padlock type.5.2.1.4 Group 4Twisted rod or wire seals (pigtail).5.2.1.5 Group 5Padlock type seals, scored seals, metal orplastic ba
21、se.5.3 If a particular security seal does not appear to fall intoany of these general classifications, the closest description shallbe chosen by the user. The effectiveness of the testingprocedures and relevance of the test data may be jeopardizedby a faulty classification choice. These general grou
22、pings shallbe assigned the arbitrary numerical listing of one through five,respectively, as shown in 5.2.1. The group number shall bedocumented with the test results.5.4 The required performance levels in any test categoryshall not be affected by this general classification (see 5.2.1);only the mann
23、er in which the seal is physically manipulatedduring subsequent testing shall be affected by this portion ofthe evaluation. All seals shall be tested in a locked positionusing test fixtures appropriate for the seal group.6. Test Procedures6.1 Pull (Tensile) Test:6.1.1 Apply a pull (tensile) load to
24、the locked security sealin a direction opposite to the motion required to lock the seal.The travel rate of the test shall be 2 6 1 in./min (5.08 6 2.54cm/min).NOTE 1Pin diameter 0.250 in. (6.35 mm) for smallest cross section dimension less than or equal to 0.125 in. (318 mm).NOTE 2Pin diameter 0.500
25、 in. (12.7 mm) for smallest cross section dimension greater than 0.125 in. (3.18 mm).NOTE 3Tolerance: 60.010 in. (0.254 mm).FIG. 1 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Requirements for Groups 1 and 2F1157 04 (2015)26.1.2 Fixtures necessary to perform this test are determinedby the group
26、 classification of the security seal. Figs. 1-4 showfixture requirements for the classification groups. Possiblefixture configurations are shown in Fig. 5.6.1.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stressesare within the elastic limit of the fixture material.6.1.2.2 Fixtures shall be desig
27、ned to eliminate any artificialinfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the testspecimen.6.1.3 Record the tensile value required to cause an opencondition for each of the five test specimens. Assign the gradedesignation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 1.6.2 Shear Test:6.2.1 Apply a sh
28、ear force to the security seal specimen tomeasure its resistance to a severing action. The shear planeshall occur at the security seals weakest section. The shear rateshall be 0.5 6 0.2 in./min (1.27 6 0.508 cm/min).6.2.2 Fixtures necessary to perform this test are determinedby the specimens cross-s
29、ectional dimensions, material, andconstruction.6.2.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stressesare within the elastic limit of the fixture material.6.2.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificialinfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the testspecimen.(1) C
30、onduct shear tests with the shackle cutting fixture andblades defined in Performance Specification F883 (see Fig. 6).(2) Conduct shear test with precise shear fixture defined inFig. 7 if the fixture defined in 6.2.2.2(1) cannot sever thesecurity seal. The precision cutting fixture is designed forsma
31、ller cross sections and flexible materials. (WarningDonot exceed a shear force greater than 2000 lbf (8896 N). If aspecimen does not sever during the application of 2001 lbf(8900 N), halt test and unload test equipment. Record shearFIG. 2 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Requirement
32、s for Group 3FIG. 3 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Require-ments for Group 4FIG. 4 Schematic Drawings of Pull (Tensile) Test Fixture Require-ments for Group 5FIG. 5 Schematic Drawings of Possible Pull (Tensile) Test Fix-ture ConfigurationsF1157 04 (2015)3force of 2000 lbf (8896 N)
33、. Do not test specimen to failure.Sudden and violent rupture of the test specimen can endangerpersonnel, equipment, and property.)6.2.3 Record the shear force required to cause an opencondition for each of the five test specimens. Assign the gradedesignation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 2.6.3 Be
34、nding Test:6.3.1 Apply a moment to the security seal specimen tomeasure its resistance to a bending or twisting action. For thepurpose of the bending test, security seals are categorized asflexible (Groups 1 and 2), rigid (Groups 3 and 4), padlockswith metallic hasps (Group 5), and padlocks with non
35、-metallichasps (Group 5).6.3.2 Flexible security seals include cable and wire seals(Group 1), and strap and cinch seals (Group 2) and shall besubjected to bending. Fig. 8 shows necessary fixture require-ments.6.3.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stressesare within the elastic limit o
36、f the fixture material.6.3.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificialinfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the testspecimen.6.3.2.3 The pre-test orientation shall be considered 0. Bendthe security seal from 0 to 90. Reverse the motion and bendthe security seal from 9
37、0 to -90, an arc of 180. Repeat this180 arc until the security seal exhibits an open condition.6.3.2.4 Record the bending cycles required to cause an opencondition for each of the five test specimens. A bending cycleis defined as one complete arc of 180. Assign the gradedesignation in accordance wit
38、h 4.2 and Table 3.6.3.3 Rigid security seals include rigid bolt, rod and heavyduty metal padlock security seals (Group 3), and twisted rod orwire seals (Group 4), and shall be subjected to bending. Fig. 9shows necessary fixture requirements.6.3.3.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stress
39、esare within the elastic limit of the fixture material.6.3.3.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificialinfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the testspecimen.6.3.3.3 The pre-test orientation shall be considered 0. Bendthe security seal and measure the moment necessary
40、to bendfrom 0 to 90. Reverse the applied bending and measure themoment necessary to cause a bend from 90 to 0. Repeat thisrange of motion, until the security seal exhibits an opencondition. For calculation purposes, the moment arm is definedas the perpendicular distance between line of action of the
41、applied force and the point of bend.6.3.3.4 Record the maximum bending moment required tocause an open condition for each of the five test specimens.Assign the grade designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table4.6.3.4 Metallic hasp padlock security seals (Group 5) shall besubjected to a twisting or
42、torsional moment. Fig. 10 showsnecessary fixture requirements.6.3.4.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stressesare within the elastic limit of the fixture material.6.3.4.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificialinfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the tes
43、tspecimen.6.3.4.3 Apply a moment to the security seal body until theseal exhibits an open condition.6.3.4.4 Record the maximum moment required to cause anopen condition for each of the five test specimens. Assign thegrade designation in accordance with 4.2 and Table 4.6.3.5 Non-metallic hasp padlock
44、 security seals (Group 5)shall be subjected to a twisting or torsional moment. Fig. 11shows necessary fixture requirements.6.3.5.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stressesare within the elastic limit of the fixture material.6.3.5.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificiali
45、nfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the testspecimen.6.3.5.3 The pre-test orientation with the torsion bar contact-ing both shackle legs shall be considered 0. Rotate the torsionbar from 0 to 90 so the bar is in constant contact with theshackle legs. Reverse the motion and rotate t
46、he bar from 90 to0. Repeat this arc of 90 until the security seal exhibits anopen condition.6.3.5.4 Record the bending cycles required to cause an opencondition for each of the five test specimens. A bending cycleis defined as a rotation from 0 to 90 to 0. Assign the gradedesignation in accordance w
47、ith 4.2 and Table 3.6.4 Impact Test:NOTE 1All dimensions are in inches (1 in. = 25.4 mm).NOTE 2See Performance Specification F883 for definition of cutterjaws.FIG. 6 Fixture for Use in Shear Test for Security Seals (PatternedAfter Padlock Shackle Cutting Fixture in Performance Specifica-tion F883)F1
48、157 04 (2015)46.4.1 Apply a sequence of energy (impact) loads to eachsecurity seal specimen to determine its resistance to impact.Apply an impact load to the locked security seal in a directionopposite to the motion required to lock the seal.6.4.2 Fixtures necessary to perform this test shall be sim
49、ilarin configuration to those specified in the pull (tensile) testdescribed in 6.1.2.6.4.2.1 Fixtures shall be designed such that applied stressesare within the elastic limit of the fixture material.6.4.2.2 Fixtures shall be designed to eliminate any artificialinfluences upon the tested strength characteristics of the testspecimen.6.4.2.3 Determine the maximum impact load, when re-peated five successive times, that each security seal specimencan sustain without exhibiting an open condition. Impact loadsshall range from 10 ft-lbf (13.56 J
