1、Designation: F 1210 89 (Reapproved 1999)Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of OilspillDispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments,Lakes and Large Water Bodies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1210; the number immediately following the designation
2、 indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of oilspil
3、l dispersants to assistin the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal ofminimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal isthe basis on which the recommendations are made. Aestheticand socio-economic factors are not considered, although theseand other factors are often
4、 important in spill response.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to controlor clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants isgiven equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. Itis not considered as a “last resort” after all other methods havefailed.1.3 This is
5、a general guide only. It assumes the oil to bedispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, appliedcorrectly, and in compliance with relevant government regula-tions. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it isassumed that the dispersant is nonpersistent in the naturalenvironm
6、ent. Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils andrefined petroleum products. Differences between individualdispersants or between different oil products are not consid-ered.1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example,small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. Itconsiders
7、 the use of dispersants primarily to protect habitatsfrom impact (or to minimize impacts) and to clean them aftera spill takes place.1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inlandenvironments. It does not consider the direct application ofdispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making di
8、spersant use decisions, appropriate govern-ment authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and healt
9、h practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Significance and Use2.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional responseteams who may use it during spill response planning and spillevents.2.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circum-stance.3.
10、Environment CoveredLakes and Large WaterBodies3.1 Lakes and large water bodies are major fresh waterfeatures that are a significant part of major water systems. Theyhave a dynamic near shore ecology, and a wide mixture ofanimal and plants species. In northern regions, these waterbodies may be partly
11、 or completely ice covered during part ofthe year but will not freeze to the bottom. Commerciallyimportant fishing and recreational activities are frequentlyassociated with these water bodies.3.2 While most of these bodies are naturally occurring andexist during the most year, some may be man-made.3
12、.3 The characteristics of these water bodies are:a) Open water area greater than 10 hectares,b) Water depths in excess of 1.5 m,c) Soft or hard bottom with a low organic content except inshallow water areas,d) Acidic water in some areas especially near industrialregions,e) A well defined inlet or ou
13、tlet, or both, andf) A well defined shoreline of varied characteristics such assand beaches and rocky headlands similar to marine environ-ments. Some parts of the shore may be similar to those inponds and sloughs.4. Background4.1 The effects of oil and dispersed oil on these aquaticenvironments have
14、 been the subject of numerous studies. Thestudies have involved both intentional experimental spills andstudies undertaken during actual spill situations (1-3).24.2 There have been a number of studies on the impact of oiland oil/dispersant mixtures on microbiological systems (4-10).4.3 The principal
15、 biotic components of such water bodies1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved Feb. 24, 1989. Published April 1989.2The boldface numbers in p
16、arentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.1Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.are a variety of fauna and flora. The aquatic flora includebacteria, algae, (planktonic and attached), and floating orsubmerged vascular plants.
17、Terrestrial flora include grasses,moss, lichens, herbs, forbs, and woody plants. In deep waterareas, there is little vegetation except for bacteria and algae.4.4 The fauna include invertebrates, (zooplankton, mol-luscs, crustaceans, worms, and other similar species), fish, avariety of waterfowl, (du
18、cks, loons, gulls, terns, and herons),mammals, such as beaver and muskrat, and in many areas,significant human activity. The distribution and composition ofspecies is a function of climate, local geography and soil type,and human use of the area.4.5 Human activities range from recreation and tourism
19、, toshipping and commercial fishing. In many cases, lakes andother large water bodies are the source of potable water forhuman consumption or industrial use.5. General Considerations for Making Dispersant UseDecisions5.1 The dispersant use decision is, in this case as mostothers, one of trade-offs.
20、The use of dispersants can reduce theadverse effects of spilled oil on certain biological species at theexpense of other components of the ecosystem.5.2 In most cases the mortality of individual creatures is ofless concern than the destruction of habitat. The repopulationof areas after the spill wil
21、l occur naturally when an areabecomes a suitable habitat for a given species.6. Recommendations6.1 Dispersant use in lakes and other large water bodies andtheir bordering vegetation should be considered if a spill posesa significant threat to indigenous wildlife or its habitat. Inevaluating the pote
22、ntial for dispersant use, considerationshould be given to the alternatives of leaving the oil untreatedor the use of mechanical recovery equipment. In many cases, aspill response operation can cause serious damage to a lake orlarge water body habitat, or a disruption of nesting andbreeding activitie
23、s.6.2 Since large waves can be generated in these waterbodies, the need to supply additional energy for the dispersantprocess is not an issue. In many cases, the water is shallowenough that the dispersed oil will reach the bottom and willhave the potential to cause impact on the benthic community.6.
24、3 The use of dispersants near water intakes is not recom-mended because there is a possibility of inducing increasedcontamination. Dispersant application should be far enoughaway from the intake so that dilution can occur before thewater is used for potable or industrial applications.6.4 Should wate
25、rfowl, either migrating or resident bepresent, the use of dispersants is recommended to reduce theimpact on this resource.6.5 In some areas, the protection of fish, their eggs, larvae,and juveniles, is a concern. Fish larvae and eggs have beenfound to be particularly susceptible to oil. In this case
26、, themechanical removal may be preferred if it can be completedbefore the oil contacts the eggs or larvae.7. Keywords7.1 dispersants; environmental sensitivity; freshwater; in-land; lakes; oil spill; oilspill dispersantsREFERENCES(1) Fremling, C. R., “Impacts of a Spill of No. 6 Fuel Oil on LakeWino
27、na,” Proceedings of 1981 Oil Spill Conference, Atlanta, GA,1981, pp. 419421.(2) Snow, N. B., and Brunskill, G. J., “Crude Oil and Nutrient EnrichmentStudies in a MacKenzie Delta Lake,” Technical Report No. 553Canadian Department Environment Fisheries and Marine Service,Winnipeg, Man., 1975, pp. 7.(3
28、) Snow, N. B., and Rosenberg, D. M., “Experimental Oil Spills onMacKenzie Delta Lakes; I. Effect of Normal Wells Crude Oil on Lake4,” Technical Report No. 548 Department Environment Fisheries andMarine Service , Winnipeg, Man., 1975, p. 44.(4) Berner, N. H., Ahearn, D. G., and Cook, W. L., “Effects
29、of Hydrocar-bonoclastic Yeasts on Pollutant Oil and the Environment,” Impact onthe Use of Microorganisms on the Aquatic Environment, EPA-660/3-75-001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR., 1975.(5) Buhrer, H., “Influence of Hydrocarbons on Ecology of Bacteria inAerobic Lake Sediment,
30、” Schweiz Zeitschrift zu Hydrologie, Vol 41,No. 2, 1979, pp. 315355.(6) Caparello, D. M., and LaRock, P. A.,“ A Radioisotope Assay for theQuantification of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential in Environ-mental Samples,” Microbiology and Ecology, Vol 2, No. 1, 1975, pp.2842.(7) Horowitz, A., and Atl
31、as, R. M., “Response of Microorganisms to anAccidental Gasoline Spillage in an Arctic Freshwater Ecosystem,”Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol 33, No. 6, 1977, pp.12521258.(8) Horowitz, A., Sexstone, A., and Atlas, R. M., “Hydrocarbons andMicrobial Activities in Sediment of an Arctic Lake One Y
32、ear afterContamination with Leaded Gasoline,” Arctic, Vol 31, No. 3, 1978, pp.180191.(9) Jordan, M. J., Hobbie, J. E., and Peterson, B. J., “Effects of PetroleumHydrocarbons on Microbial Populations in an Arctic Lake,” Arctic,Vol31, No. 3, 1978, pp. 170179.(10) McKinley, V. L., Federle, T. W., and V
33、estal, J. R., “Effects ofPetroleum Hydrocarbons on Plant Litter Microbiota in an ArcticLake,” Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol 43, No. 1, 1982, pp.129135.F 12102The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
34、with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suchpatent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible t
35、echnical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a me
36、eting of the responsibletechnical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make yourviews known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM, 100 Barr Har
37、bor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individualreprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (http:/www.astm.org).F 12103
