1、Designation: F 1210 08Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of Oil SpillDispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments,Lakes and Large Water Bodies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1210; the number immediately following the designation indicates the ye
2、ar oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to
3、 assistin the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal ofminimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal isthe basis on which the recommendations are made. Aestheticand socioeconomic factors are not considered, although theseand other factors are often important in spi
4、ll response.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to controlor clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants isgiven equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. Itis not considered as a “last resort” after all other methods havefailed.1.3 This is a general guide o
5、nly. It assumes the oil to bedispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, appliedcorrectly, and in compliance with relevant government regula-tions. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it isassumed that the dispersant is nonpersistent in the naturalenvironment. Oil, as used
6、 in this guide, includes crude oils andrefined petroleum products. Differences between individualdispersants or between different oil products are not consid-ered.1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example,small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. Itconsiders the use of dispe
7、rsants primarily to protect habitatsfrom impact (or to minimize impacts).1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inlandenvironments. It does not consider the direct application ofdispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate govern-ment authorities
8、should be consulted as required by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory l
9、imitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefitof Dispersant Use3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional responseteams who may use it during spill response planning and spillevents.3.2 This guid
10、e should be adapted to site specific circum-stance.4. Environment CoveredLakes and Large WaterBodies4.1 Lakes and large water bodies are major fresh waterfeatures that are a significant part of major water systems. Theyhave a dynamic near-shore ecology, and a wide mixture ofanimal and plants species
11、. In northern regions, these waterbodies may be partly or completely ice-covered during part ofthe year but will not freeze to the bottom. Commerciallyimportant fishing and recreational activities are frequentlyassociated with these water bodies.4.2 While most of these bodies are naturally occurring
12、 andexist during the most year, some may be man-made.4.3 The characteristics of these water bodies are:4.3.1 Open water area greater than 10 hectares,4.3.2 Water depths in excess of 1.5 m,4.3.3 Soft or hard bottom with a low organic content exceptin shallow water areas,4.3.4 Acidic water in some are
13、as especially near industrialregions,4.3.5 A well defined inlet or outlet, or both, and4.3.6 A well defined shoreline of varied characteristics suchas sand beaches and rocky headlands similar to marineenvironments. Some parts of the shore may be similar to thosein ponds and sloughs.1This guide is un
14、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 1210 89 (
15、1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, P
16、O Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Background5.1 The effects of oil and dispersed oil on these aquaticenvironments have been the subject of numerous studies. Thestudies have involved both intentional experimental spills andstudies undertaken during actual spill situations
17、 (1-4).35.2 There have been a number of studies on the impact of oiland oil/dispersant mixtures on microbiological systems (5-11)and on macrobiota (12, 13).5.3 The principal biotic components of such water bodiesare a variety of fauna and flora. The aquatic flora include algae(planktonic and attache
18、d) and floating or submerged vascularplants. Terrestrial flora include grasses, moss, lichens, herbs,forbs, and woody plants. In deep water areas, there is littlevegetation except for algae.5.4 The fauna include invertebrates (molluscs, crustaceans,worms, and other similar species), fish, a variety
19、of waterfowland seabirds (ducks, loons, gulls, terns, and herons), mammals,such as beaver and muskrat, and in many areas, significanthuman activity. The distribution and composition of species isa function of climate, local geography and soil type, and humanuse of the area.5.5 Human activities range
20、 from recreation and tourism, toshipping and commercial fishing. In many cases, lakes andother large water bodies are the source of potable water forhuman consumption or industrial use.6. General Considerations for Making Dispersant UseDecisions6.1 The dispersant use decision is, in this case as mos
21、tothers, one of trade-offs. The use of dispersants can reduce theadverse effects of spilled oil on certain biological species at theexpense of other components of the ecosystem (14).6.2 Guide F 2532 should be followed before making adecision to use dispersants in a river or creek.6.3 In most cases,
22、the mortality of individual creatures is ofless concern than the destruction of habitat. The repopulationof areas after the spill will occur naturally when an areabecomes a suitable habitat for a given species.7. Recommendations7.1 Dispersant use in lakes and other large water bodies andtheir border
23、ing vegetation should be considered if a spill posesa significant threat to indigenous wildlife or its habitat. Inevaluating the potential for dispersant use, considerationshould be given to the alternatives of leaving the oil untreatedor the use of mechanical recovery equipment. In many cases, aspi
24、ll response operation can cause serious damage to a lake orlarge water body habitat, or a disruption of nesting andbreeding activities.7.2 Since large waves can be generated in these waterbodies, the need to supply additional energy for the dispersantprocess is not an issue. In many cases, the water
25、 is shallowenough that the dispersed oil will reach the bottom and willhave the potential to cause impact on the benthic community.7.3 The use of dispersants near water intakes is not recom-mended because there is a possibility of inducing increasedcontamination. Dispersant application should be far
26、 enoughaway from the intake so that dilution can occur before thewater is used for potable or industrial applications.7.4 Should waterfowl, either migrating or resident, bepresent, the use of dispersants is recommended to reduce theimpact on this resource.7.5 In some areas, the protection of fish, t
27、heir eggs, larvae,and juveniles, is a concern. Fish larvae and eggs have beenfound to be particularly susceptible to oil. In this case, themechanical removal may be preferred if it can be completedbefore the oil contacts the eggs or larvae.8. Keywords8.1 dispersants; environmental sensitivity; fresh
28、water; in-land; lakes; oil spill; oil spill dispersantsREFERENCES(1) Fremling, C. R., “Impacts of a Spill of No. 6 Fuel Oil on LakeWinona,” Proceedings of 1981 Oil Spill Conference, Atlanta, GA,1981, pp. 419421.(2) Brown, H. M., Goudey, J. S., Fogh, J. M., Cheng, S. K., Dale, M.,Hoddinott, J., Quaif
29、e, L. R., and Westlake, D. W. S., “Dispersion ofSpilled Oil in Freshwater Systems: Field Trial of a Chemical Dispers-ant,” Oil and Chemical Pollution, Vol 6, 1990, pp.3754.(3) Snow, N. B., and Brunskill, G. J., “Crude Oil and Nutrient EnrichmentStudies in a MacKenzie Delta Lake,” Technical Report No
30、. 553Canadian Department Environment Fisheries and Marine Service,Winnipeg, Man., 1975, pp. 7.(4) Snow, N. B., and Rosenberg, D. M., “Experimental Oil Spills onMacKenzie Delta Lakes; I. Effect of Normal Wells Crude Oil on Lake4,” Technical Report No. 548 Department Environment Fisheries andMarine Se
31、rvice , Winnipeg, Man., 1975, p. 44.(5) Berner, N. H., Ahearn, D. G., and Cook, W. L., “Effects of Hydrocar-bonoclastic Yeasts on Pollutant Oil and the Environment,” Impact onthe Use of Microorganisms on the Aquatic Environment, EPA-660/3-75-001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR.,
32、 1975.(6) Buhrer, H., “Influence of Hydrocarbons on Ecology of Bacteria inAerobic Lake Sediment,” Schweiz Zeitschrift zu Hydrologie, Vol 41,No. 2, 1979, pp. 315355.(7) Caparello, D. M., and LaRock, P. A.,“ A Radioisotope Assay for theQuantification of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential in Environ-
33、mental Samples,” Microbiology and Ecology, Vol 2, No. 1, 1975, pp.2842.(8) Horowitz, A., and Atlas, R. M., “Response of Microorganisms to anAccidental Gasoline Spillage in an Arctic Freshwater Ecosystem,”Applied Environmental Microbiology, Vol 33, No. 6, 1977, pp.12521258.(9) Horowitz, A., Sexstone,
34、 A., and Atlas, R. M., “Hydrocarbons andMicrobial Activities in Sediment of an Arctic Lake One Year afterContamination with Leaded Gasoline,” Arctic, Vol 31, No. 3, 1978, pp.180191.(10) Jordan, M. J., Hobbie, J. E., and Peterson, B. J., “Effects of PetroleumHydrocarbons on Microbial Populations in a
35、n Arctic Lake,” Arctic,Vol 31, No. 3, 1978, pp. 170179.(11) McKinley, V. L., Federle, T. W., and Vestal, J. R., “Effects of3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.F1210082Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Plant Litter Microbiota in an ArcticLake,” Applied
36、 Environmental Microbiology, Vol 43, No. 1, 1982, pp.129135.(12) Bhattacharyya, S., Klerks, P. L., Nyman, J. A., “Toxicity to Fresh-water Organisms from Oils and Oil Spill Chemical Treatments inLaboratory Microcosms,” Environmental Pollution, Vol 122, No. 2, 1April 2003, pp. 205215.(13) Klerks, P. L
37、., Nyman, J. A., Bhattacharyya, S., “Relationship Be-tween Hydrocarbon Measurements and Toxicity to a Chironomid,Fish Larva and Daphnid for Oils and Oil Spill Chemical Treatmentsin Laboratory Freshwater Marsh Microcosms,” Environmental Pol-lution, Vol 129, No. 3, June 2004, pp. 345353.(14) Walker, A
38、. H., Kucklick, J. H., Steen, A. E., Fritz, D., “Oil SpillChemicals in Freshwater Environments: Technical Issues,” Proceed-ings of 1993 International Oil Spill Conference, API, Washington,D.C., 1993, pp. 54365450.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asser
39、ted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by
40、the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receiv
41、e careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM Intern
42、ational, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F1210083
