1、Designation: F1210 08F1210 14Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of Oil SpillDispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments,Lakes and Large Water Bodies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1210; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersan
3、ts to assist in the control of oil spills. The guide is written with the goal ofminimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic andsocioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often importan
4、t in spill response.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants is givenequal consideration with other spill countermeasures. It is not considered as a “last resort” after all other methods have failed.1.3 This is a gene
5、ral guide only. It assumes the oil to be dispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, appliedcorrectly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it is assumedthat the dispersant is nonpersistent in the natural environment.
6、Oil, as used in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleumproducts. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered.1.4 The guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers th
7、euse of dispersants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application ofdispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate governmen
8、t authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the resp
9、onsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefit of Dispersant Use3. Significance and Use3
10、.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.3.2 This guide should be adapted to site specific circumstance.4. Environment CoveredLakes and Large Water Bodies4.1 Lakes and large water bodies are major fresh water featu
11、res that are a significant part of major water systems. They havea dynamic near-shore ecology, and a wide mixture of animal and plants species. In northern regions, these water bodies may bepartly or completely ice-covered during part of the year but will not freeze to the bottom. Commercially impor
12、tant fishing andrecreational activities are frequently associated with these water bodies.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.13on Treatment.Current edition approved March 1, 2
13、008March 1, 2014. Published March 2008March 2014. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 19992008 asF1210 89 (1999).F1210 08. DOI: 10.1520/F1210-08.10.1520/F1210-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service
14、astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Bec
15、auseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100
16、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 While most of these bodies are naturally occurring and exist during the most year, some may be man-made.4.3 The characteristics of these water bodies are:4.3.1 Open water area greater than 10 hectares,4.3.2 Water dep
17、ths in excess of 1.5 m,4.3.3 Soft or hard bottom with a low organic content except in shallow water areas,4.3.4 Acidic water in some areas especially near industrial regions,4.3.5 A well defined inlet or outlet, or both, and4.3.6 A well defined shoreline of varied characteristics such as sand beache
18、s and rocky headlands similar to marineenvironments. Some parts of the shore may be similar to those in ponds and sloughs.5. Background5.1 The effects of oil and dispersed oil on these aquatic environments have been the subject of numerous studies. The studieshave involved both intentional experimen
19、tal spills and studies undertaken during actual spill situations (1-4).35.2 There have been a number of studies on the impact of oil and oil/dispersant mixtures on microbiological systems (5-11) andon macrobiota (12, 13).5.3 The principal biotic components of such water bodies are a variety of fauna
20、 and flora. The aquatic flora include algae(planktonic and attached) and floating or submerged vascular plants. Terrestrial flora include grasses, moss, lichens, herbs, forbs,and woody plants. In deep water areas, there is little vegetation except for algae.5.4 The fauna include invertebrates (mollu
21、scs, crustaceans, worms, and other similar species), fish, a variety of waterfowl andseabirds (ducks, loons, gulls, terns, and herons), mammals, such as beaver and muskrat, and in many areas, significant humanactivity. The distribution and composition of species is a function of climate, local geogr
22、aphy and soil type, and human use of thearea.5.5 Human activities range from recreation and tourism, to shipping and commercial fishing. In many cases, lakes and otherlarge water bodies are the source of potable water for human consumption or industrial use.6. General Considerations for Making Dispe
23、rsant Use Decisions6.1 The dispersant use decision is, in this case as most others, one of trade-offs. The use of dispersants can reduce the adverseeffects of spilled oil on certain biological species at the expense of other components of the ecosystem (14).6.2 Guide F2532 should be followed before
24、making a decision to use dispersants in a river or creek.6.3 In most cases, the mortality of individual creatures is of less concern than the destruction of habitat. The repopulation ofareas after the spill will occur naturally when an area becomes a suitable habitat for a given species.7. Recommend
25、ations7.1 Dispersant use in lakes and other large water bodies and their bordering vegetation should be considered if a spill poses asignificant threat to indigenous wildlife or its habitat. In evaluating the potential for dispersant use, consideration should be givento the alternatives of leaving t
26、he oil untreated or the use of mechanical recovery equipment. In many cases, a spill responseoperation can cause serious damage to a lake or large water body habitat, or a disruption of nesting and breeding activities.7.2 Since large waves can be generated in these water bodies, the need to supply a
27、dditional energy for the dispersant processis not an issue. In many cases, the water is shallow enough that the dispersed oil will reach the bottom and will have the potentialto cause impact on the benthic community.7.3 The use of dispersants near water intakes is not recommended because there is a
28、possibility of inducing increasedcontamination. Dispersant application should be far enough away from the intake so that dilution can occur before the water is usedfor potable or industrial applications.7.4 Should waterfowl, either migrating or resident, be present, the use of dispersants is recomme
29、nded to reduce the impact onthis resource.7.5 In some areas, the protection of fish, their eggs, larvae, and juveniles, is a concern. Fish larvae and eggs have been foundto be particularly susceptible to oil. In this case, the mechanical removal may be preferred if it can be completed before the oil
30、contacts the eggs or larvae.8. Keywords8.1 dispersants; environmental sensitivity; freshwater; inland; lakes; oil spill; oil spill dispersants3 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this guide.F1210 142REFERENCES(1) Fremling, C. R., “Impacts of a Spill of
31、No. 6 Fuel Oil on Lake Winona,” Proceedings of 1981 Oil Spill Conference,Atlanta, GA, 1981, pp. 419421.(2) Brown, H. M., Goudey, J. S., Fogh, J. M., Cheng, S. K., Dale, M., Hoddinott, J., Quaife, L. R., and Westlake, D. W. S., “Dispersion of Spilled Oilin Freshwater Systems: Field Trial of a Chemica
32、l Dispersant,” Oil and Chemical Pollution, Vol 6, 1990, pp.3754.(3) Snow, N. B., and Brunskill, G. J., “Crude Oil and Nutrient Enrichment Studies in a MacKenzie Delta Lake,” Technical Report No. 553 CanadianDepartment Environment Fisheries and Marine Service, Winnipeg, Man., 1975, pp. 7.(4) Snow, N.
33、 B., and Rosenberg, D. M., “Experimental Oil Spills on MacKenzie Delta Lakes; I. Effect of Normal Wells Crude Oil on Lake 4,” TechnicalReport No. 548 Department Environment Fisheries and Marine Service , Winnipeg, Man., 1975, p. 44.(5) Berner, N. H., Ahearn, D. G., and Cook, W. L., “Effects of Hydro
34、carbonoclastic Yeasts on Pollutant Oil and the Environment,” Impact on the Useof Microorganisms on the Aquatic Environment, EPA-660/3-75-001, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR., 1975.(6) Buhrer, H., “Influence of Hydrocarbons on Ecology of Bacteria in Aerobic Lake Sediment,” Schwei
35、z Zeitschrift zu Hydrologie, Vol 41 , No. 2, 1979,pp. 315355.(7) Caparello, D. M., and LaRock, P. A.,“ A Radioisotope Assay for the Quantification of Hydrocarbon Biodegradation Potential in EnvironmentalSamples,” Microbiology and Ecology, Vol 2, No. 1, 1975, pp. 2842.(8) Horowitz, A., and Atlas, R.
36、M., “Response of Microorganisms to an Accidental Gasoline Spillage in an Arctic Freshwater Ecosystem,” AppliedEnvironmental Microbiology, Vol 33, No. 6, 1977, pp. 12521258.(9) Horowitz, A., Sexstone, A., and Atlas, R. M., “Hydrocarbons and Microbial Activities in Sediment of an Arctic Lake One Year
37、after Contaminationwith Leaded Gasoline,” Arctic, Vol 31, No. 3, 1978, pp. 180191.(10) Jordan, M. J., Hobbie, J. E., and Peterson, B. J., “Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Microbial Populations in an Arctic Lake,” Arctic, Vol 31,No. 3, 1978, pp. 170179.(11) McKinley, V. L., Federle, T. W., and V
38、estal, J. R., “Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Plant Litter Microbiota in an Arctic Lake,” AppliedEnvironmental Microbiology, Vol 43, No. 1, 1982, pp. 129135.(12) Bhattacharyya, S., Klerks, P. L., Nyman, J. A., “Toxicity to Freshwater Organisms from Oils and Oil Spill Chemical Treatments in Lab
39、oratoryMicrocosms,” Environmental Pollution, Vol 122, No. 2, 1 April 2003, pp. 205215.(13) Klerks, P. L., Nyman, J. A., Bhattacharyya, S., “Relationship Between Hydrocarbon Measurements and Toxicity to a Chironomid, Fish Larva andDaphnid for Oils and Oil Spill Chemical Treatments in Laboratory Fresh
40、water Marsh Microcosms,” Environmental Pollution, Vol 129, No. 3, June2004, pp. 345353.(14) Walker, A. H., Kucklick, J. H., Steen, A. E., Fritz, D., “Oil Spill Chemicals in Freshwater Environments: Technical Issues,” Proceedings of 1993International Oil Spill Conference, API, Washington, D.C., 1993,
41、 pp. 54365450.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of su
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44、 ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).F1210 143
