1、Designation: F 1220 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forEmergency Medical Services System (EMSS)Telecommunications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1220; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers telecommunications practices andperformance standards required to support all of the function
3、sof community EMSS on a statewide basis. It defines stateplanning goals and objectives for EMSS communications.1.2 This guide is for planning, coordinating, integrating, andevaluating telecommunications resources statewide to satisfythe functional needs of comprehensive community EMSSsystems.1.3 To
4、facilitate a two-tiered planning approach recom-mended for EMSS communications, this guide identifies thosecommunications system features that should be coordinated ona statewide basis and defined in statewide (first tier) EMSScommunications planning guidelines. Local (second tier)EMSS communication
5、s plans prepared in accordance with thestatewide guidelines should then be tailored to satisfy localEMSS needs while providing compatibility and interoperabil-ity of communications with other EMSS.1.4 The sections in this guide appear in the followingsequence:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Term
6、inology 3Summary of Guide 4Significance and Use 5Functions and Categories of EMSS Communications 6Telecommunications Functions 6.1Telecommunications Categories 6.2EMSS Functional Communications Requirements 7General Information 7.1Citizen Access 7.2EMSS Vehicle Dispatch and Coordination 7.3Medical C
7、oordination/Direction 7.4Interservice Communications 7.5Radio Frequency Spectrum and Service Requirements 8Radio Frequencies 8.1EMSS Radio Service Coverage 8.2Operational Considerations 8.3Goals and Objectives for EMSS Communications 9Goal 1State EMSS Communication Should MeetRecognized Standards fo
8、r Functional Performance 10Goal 2Local EMSS Communications Should beCompatible with, and Should Not Interfere with, EMSSCommunications in Neighboring Area 11Goal 3Local EMSS Communications SystemsShould be Compatible with, and Should Not Interferewith, Other Types of Communications Systems 12Goal 4E
9、MSS Communications Systems ShouldMake Maximum Use of State and Common ResourcesWhere Appropriate, Cost Effective, and Authorized 13Goal 5The State Should Act as the Representativeof Local EMSS in Dealing with Federal Agencies andNational Organizations 14Goal 6The State Should Have a Program for Posi
10、-tive Management of Its EMSS Communications Activi-ties 15Emergency Medical Radio Services (EMRS) RadioFrequencies (MHz) Appendix X1Acronyms and Glossary for EMSS Communications Appendix X2References1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its
11、use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1031 Practice for Training the Emergency Medical Tech-nician (Basic)F 1
12、149 Practice for Qualifications, Responsibilities, andAuthority of Individuals and Institutions Providing Medi-cal Direction of Emergency Medical ServicesF 1221 Guide for Interagency Information ExchangeF 1229 Guide for the Qualification and Training of EMSAirMedical Patient Care ProvidersF 1254 Pra
13、ctice for Performance of Prehospital ManualDefibrillationF 1258 Practice for Emergency Medical DispatchF 1287 Guide for Scope of Performance of First Responders1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F30 on EmergencyMedical Services and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F3
14、0.04 onCommunications.Current edition approved March 1, 2006. Published March 2006. Originallypublished as F 1220 89. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F 1220 95(2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. Fo
15、r Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Who Provide Emergency Medical CareF 1381 Guide for Planning and Develo
16、ping 9-1-1 EnhancedTelephone SystemsF 1418 Guide for Training the Emergency Medical Techni-cian (Basic) in Roles and ResponsibilitiesF 1453 Guide for Training and Evaluation of First Respond-ers Who Provide Emergency Medical CareF 1517 Guide for Scope of Performance of EmergencyMedical Services Ambu
17、lance OperationsF 1552 Practice for Training Instructor Qualification andCertification Eligibility of Emergency Medical DispatchersF 1560 Practice for Emergency Medical Dispatch Manage-ment2.2 Federal Standards:Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 405) (asamended)3Title 47, United States Code of Fe
18、deral Regulations (47CFR) on Telecommunications33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 goala statement of broad direction, general purpose,or intent. A goal is general and timeless and is not concernedwith a specific achievement within a given time period.3.1.2 object
19、ivea statement of desired accomplishmentthat can be measured within a specified time frame and underdeterminable conditions. The attainment of an objective movesthe system toward a directly related goal.3.1.3 Communications terminology used in this guide andreferences are defined in Appendix X1, Acr
20、onyms and Glos-sary for EMSS Communications.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide identifies the functions and requirements ofEMSS telecommunications. Observance of the state EMSScommunications planning goals and objectives contained inthis guide permits planning and implementation of compatible,interop
21、erable, and reliable local EMSS communications whichmeet local needs while not interfering with the needs ofadjoining EMSS.4.2 EMSS communications should satisfy all of the perfor-mance goals and objectives specified by those who use it andthose who are served by it. However, many constraints such a
22、scosts, political, demographic and social preferences, existinglegislation and time, limit what can be achieved.5. Significance and Use5.1 In situations in which the coordination of EMSS com-munications among political subdivisions affects the health andsafety of the states population, it is appropr
23、iate for stategovernment to take a coordinating role. Statewide planning forcoordinated use of radio frequencies for EMSS communica-tions is specifically needed.5.2 The state is the logical unit to formulate the statutoryand regulatory framework for EMSS planning. State planningfor area-wide EMSS co
24、mmunications provides authority toaccomplish coordination in the use of available radio frequen-cies, thus promoting multiagency cooperation to best serve thepublic needs.5.3 With statewide planning, communities, counties, andmulticounty EMSS regions are provided with guidance toachieve the performa
25、nce goals and objectives of their EMSScommunications systems.5.4 The statewide EMSS communications performancegoals and objectives in Sections 10-15 address specific roles ofstate governments in EMSS communications systems plan-ning. These performance goals and objectives should beconsidered by stat
26、es for evaluating, planning, and implement-ing of acceptable EMSS communications statewide.6. Functions and Categories of EMSS Communications6.1 Telecommunications FunctionsThe report “Commu-nications in Support of Emergency Medical Services,” given inRef (1),4defines the following EMSS functions th
27、at requiretelecommunications:6.1.1 Medical emergencies requiring EMSS responseshould be reported immediately to appropriate communityagencies that manage and control EMSS resources and ser-vices.6.1.2 Appropriate EMSS resources should respond to hu-man health emergencies at any time and place.6.1.3
28、Recognition of the need for and immediate responseby EMSS resources to life threatening and serious injuries andillness should be provided within a time period that will ensurethe greatest saving of lives and reduction of morbidity.6.1.4 EMSS and other health agencies and professionalsshould marshal
29、 their individual and collective resources (staff,equipment, supplies, and facilities) and coordinate their re-sponses in the shortest effective time to meet individual andmass medical emergency needs.6.1.5 Emergency medical dispatchers should have specialtraining to provide guidance and direction t
30、o persons at thescene of a medical emergency pending arrival of trainedprehospital EMSS personnel.6.1.6 EMSS must be coordinated with other communitypublic safety emergency response services.6.1.7 The use of EMSS facilities (emergency departments,intensive care, and coronary care units, burn and tra
31、umafacilities, and so forth) should be coordinated so as to avoidpreventable delays in access to definitive emergency medicalcare.6.1.8 For life threatening and serious medical emergenciesand in other instances requiring invasive prehospital emer-gency medical care, appropriate physiological data an
32、d patientassessment information should be collected and transmittedfrom the site of the emergency to the EMSS facility providingon-line medical direction.6.1.9 Telecommunications relating to EMSS should be re-corded, documented, saved, and used by EMSS managers to3Available from U.S. Government Prin
33、ting Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of thisguide.F 1220 95 (2006)2review, evaluate, revise, and reorganize EMSS as necessary tomeet changing conditions and needs.6
34、.1.10 Telecommunications should exist between EMSSfacilities and transport vehicles for safe interhospital transfer ofpatients with life threatening and serious medical emergencies.6.1.11 Telecommunications should be used as needed, toimprove utilization of all EMSS resources and to prevent ormitiga
35、te adverse effects of medical emergencies.6.2 Telecommunications CategoriesBased on the aboveEMSS needs, the following categories of information exchangerequiring telecommunications are defined in Ref (1) as beingnecessary to support of EMS operations.6.2.1 EMSS AccessExchanges of information relate
36、d topublic access for reporting emergency medical situations toappropriate EMSS response organizations.6.2.2 EMSS Dispatch and ControlExchanges of informa-tion related to reducing response time, such as alerting,dispatching, and controlling the movement of EMS vehicles.6.2.3 Medical Coordination/Dir
37、ectionExchanges of in-formation related to the emergency patient and his care, such astransmission of physiological information and exchange ofpatient assessment information and treatment information be-tween EMS personnel at the scene and physicians providingon-line medical direction.6.2.4 EMSS Res
38、ource CoordinationExchanges of infor-mation necessary for the effective coordination of all EMSresources.6.2.5 Interservice CoordinationExchanges of informationfor coordination of EMS activities with police, fire, govern-ment agencies, and other resources, such as public utilities andprivate contrac
39、tors.6.2.6 Disaster CoordinationExchanges of information re-lated to the coordination of EMS activities with those of local,state, and national disaster response authorities.7. EMSS Functional Communications Requirements7.1 An EMSS communications system should provide themeans by which emergency res
40、ources can be accessed, mobi-lized, managed, and coordinated. To accomplish this, a com-munications system must incorporate operational provisions touse sufficient wire-line and radio linkages and channels amongall EMSS participants over the service area of the EMSS (andfor disaster response, betwee
41、n EMSS service areas) to facilitatethe EMSS functional needs described in 7.2 through 7.5 forcommunications.7.2 Citizen Access:7.2.1 The EMSS communications system should have theability to receive and process any incoming calls that reportemergencies and request emergency medical assistance. Per-so
42、ns should be able to summon help rapidly in an emergencysituation. They should be able to call for police, fire, rescue,and other emergency aid promptly, without confusion, andwithout familiarity with a particular community. Local, state-wide, and nationwide uniformity is needed to accomplish thisob
43、jective.7.2.2 For several years, numerous governmental commis-sions, legislative bodies, private organizations, and citizengroups have recommended the establishment of a single,universal “Nationwide 9-1-1 Emergency Telephone Number”to meet this need for improved emergency communications.The achievem
44、ent of this recommendation was stated as amatter of national policy in Bulletin No. 73-1 “National Policyfor Emergency Telephone Number 911” issued by the Ex-ecutive Office of the President on March 21, 1973. The“nine-one-one” concept provides a single number that is easyto use and remember. Moreove
45、r, implementation of the three-digit emergency telephone number 9-1-1, encourages coordi-nated efforts between those providing communications servicesand emergency responses. The 9-1-1 concept should be in-cluded in EMSS communication planning with other methodsof citizen access, primarily for its i
46、mpact on response time andenhanced coordination among participants. Citizen accesscommunications, primarily uses telephones, both public andprivate, to call 9-1-1 Public Safety Answering Points (PSAP).7.2.3 On the nations highways, citizen access to EMSS isfacilitated by use of mobile communications
47、 services thatenable drivers to rapidly report observed motor vehicle acci-dents and other emergency conditions to public safety serviceproviders. In areas having cellular telephone coverage, motorvehicle occupants with cellular telephone may make directcalls to the local 9-1-1 PSAP. This use of cel
48、lular telephone foraccessing public safety services is being facilitated throughrule changes initiated in 1994 by provisions of the FederalCommunications Commission Rules under RM-8143 DocketNo. 94-102; to ensure compatibility of cellular 9-1-1 calls withenhanced 911 emergency calling systems. Also,
49、 Citizen Band(CB) mobile radio operators can report observed emergenciesto volunteer CB base station radio monitors who in turn relaythe information to appropriate public safety response agenciesvia the 9-1-1 emergency telephone number or some otherprearranged telephone number. Similarly, mobile equippedamateur radio operators can report observed emergencies toappropriate public safety authorities via the 9-1-1 emergencytelephone number using amateur radio/telephone interconnectservices. Finally, motorists not equipped with mobile radiocommunications, can report
