1、Designation: F 1231 89 (Reapproved 1999)Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of OilspillDispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments,Rivers and Creeks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1231; the number immediately following the designation indicates
2、the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of oilspill dispersan
3、ts to assistin the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goalof minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goalis the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aestheticand socioeconomic factors are not considered, although theseand other factors are often important
4、in spill response.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to controlor clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants isgiven equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. Itis not considered as “last resort” after all other methods havefailed.1.3 This is a general gui
5、de only. It assumes the oil to bedispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, appliedcorrectly, and in compliance with relevant government regula-tions. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it isassumed that the dispersant is nonpersistent in the naturalenvironment. Oil, as
6、used in this guide, includes crude oils andrefined petroleum products. Differences between individualdispersants or between different oil products are not consid-ered.1.4 This guide is organized by habitat type, for example,small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. Itconsiders the use of
7、dispersants primarily to protect habitatsfrom impact (or to minimize impacts) and to clean them aftera spill takes place.1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inlandenvironments. It does not consider the direct application ofdispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use
8、 decisions, appropriate govern-ment authorities should be consulted as required by law.01.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices
9、 and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Significance and Use2.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional responseteams who may use it during spill response planning and spillevents.2.2 This guide should be adapted to site-specific circum-stances.3. Environmen
10、t CoveredRivers and Creeks3.1 Rivers and creeks are moving bodies of fresh water thatare a significant part of major water systems. They have adynamic near shore ecology, and a wide variety of animal andplant species. In northern regions, these water bodies may bepartly or completely ice covered dur
11、ing part of the year.Shallow rivers and most creeks may freeze to the bottom in thewinter. Commercially important fishing and recreational activi-ties are frequently associated with these water bodies.3.2 Rivers generally refer to large bodies of moving water,whereas creeks are smaller bodies of flo
12、wing water.3.3 The characteristics of these water bodies are:3.3.1 Flowing water,3.3.2 Water depths in excess of1misdesignated as a river,shallower would be a creek,3.3.3 A low organic content bottom except in shallow nearshore still-water areas,3.3.4 Acidic water in some areas especially near indus
13、trialregions,3.3.5 A well defined source or outlet, or both, and3.3.6 A well defined shoreline consisting of sand beachesand rocky headlands similar to marine and lake environments.4. Background4.1 The effects of oil and dispersed oil on these aquaticenvironments have been the subject of numerous st
14、udies. Thestudies have involved both intentional experimental spills andstudies undertaken during actual spill situations (1-5).24.2 There have been a number of studies on the impact of oiland oil/dispersant mixtures on microbiological systems (6-16).4.3 The principal biotic components of such water
15、 bodiesare a variety of fauna and flora. The aquatic flora includebacteria, algae (planktonic and attached), and floating or1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Cu
16、rrent edition approved May 26, 1989. Published July 1989.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.1Copyright ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.submerged vascular plants. Terrestrial flora include grasses,m
17、oss, lichens, herbs, forbs, and woody plants. In deep waterareas, there is little vegetation except for bacteria and algae(17-20).4.4 The fauna include invertebrates (zooplankton, molluscs,crustaceans, worms and other similar species), fish, a variety ofwaterfowl (ducks, loons, gulls, terns and hero
18、ns), mammalssuch as beaver and muskrat, and in many areas significanthuman activity. The distribution and composition of species isa function of climate, local geography and soil type, and humanuse of the area (21).4.5 Human activities range from recreation and tourism, toshipping and commercial fis
19、hing. In many cases, rivers andcreeks are the source of potable water for human consumptionand industrial use.5. General Considerations for Making Dispersant UseDecisions5.1 The dispersant use decision is, in this case as mostothers, one of trade-offs. The use of dispersants can reduce theadverse ef
20、fects of spilled oil on certain biological species at theexpense of other components of the ecosystem.5.2 In most cases the mortality of individual creatures, whileof concern, is of less concern than the destruction of habitat.The repopulation of areas after the spill will occur naturallywhen an are
21、a becomes a suitable habitat for a given species.6. Recommendations6.1 Dispersant use in rivers and creeks and their borderingvegetation should be considered if a spill poses a significant-threat to indigenous wildlife or its habitat. In evaluating thepotential for dispersant use, consideration shou
22、ld be given tothe alternatives of leaving the oil untreated or the use ofmechanical recovery equipment. In many cases, a spill re-sponse operation can cause serious damage to a rivers andcreeks habitat, or a disruption of nesting and breeding activi-ties.6.2 The turbulence of the flowing water may b
23、e adequate toprovide the energy for dispersion and vertical transport. This iscertainly the case in areas where there are rapids. In manycases the water is shallow enough that the dispersed oil willreach the bottom and will have the potential to cause impact onthe benthic community.6.3 The use of di
24、spersants near water intakes is not recom-mended because there is a possibility of inducing increasedcontamination. Dispersant application should be far enoughupstream of the intake so that dilution can occur before thewater is used for potable or industrial applications.6.4 Should waterfowl, either
25、 migrating or resident, bepresent, the use of dispersants is recommended to reduce theimpact on this resource.6.5 In some areas the protection of fish, their eggs, larvae,and juveniles, is a concern. Fish larvae and eggs have beenfound to be particularly susceptible to oil. In this case,mechanical r
26、emoval may be preferred if it can be completedbefore the oil contacts the eggs or larvae.7. Keywords7.1 creeks; dispersants; environmental sensitivity; freshwa-ter; inland; oil spill; oilspill dispersants; riversREFERENCES(1) Blahm, T. H., Durkin, J., Snyder, G., Coley, T., and Emmett, R. L.,“Columb
27、ia River Oil Spill Study, June/July 1978,” Northwest andAlaska Fisheries Center, Coastal Zone and Estuarine Studies Division,Seattle, WA, 1980.(2) Bury, R. B., “The Effects of Diesel Fuel on a Stream Fauna,”California Fish and Game, Vol 58, No. 4, 1972, pp. 291295.(3) McCauley, R. N., “The Biologica
28、l Effects of Oil Pollution in a River,Limnology and Oceanography, Vol 11, Nos. 4 and 5, 1966, pp.475486.(4) Rosenberg, D. M., and Wiens, A. P., “Community and SpeciesResponses of Chironomidae (Diptera) to Contamination of FreshWaters by Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, with Special Referenceto the
29、Trail River, Northwest Territories,” Journal of FisheriesResearch Board of Canada, Vol 33, No. 9, 1976, pp. 19551963.(5) Rosenberg, D. M., Wiens, A. P., and Saether, O. A.,“ Responses toCrude Oil Contamination by Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bicinctus and C.( C.) mackenziensis (Diptera: Chironomidae) in
30、the Fort SimpsonArea, Northwest Territories,” Journal of Fisheries Research Board ofCanada, Vol 34, 1977, pp. 254261.(6) Bitton, G., Chuckran, D. A., Chet, I., and Mitchell, R.,“ Resistance ofBacterial Chemotaxis to Blockage in Petroleum Waters,” MarinePollution Bulletin, Vol 10, No. 2, 1979, pp. 48
31、49.(7) Bugbee, S. L., and Walter, C. M., “The Response of Macroinverte-brates to Gasoline Pollution in a Mountain Stream,” Proceedings of1973 Oil Spill Conference, Washington, DC, 1973, pp. 725731.(8) Colvin, J. W., and Gordon, R. C., “Interactions between Crude Oil andSubarctic River Bacteria,” Pro
32、ceeding of Alaskan Science Conference27, 1976, pp. 159160.(9) Griffin, W. M., and Cooney, J. J., “Degradation of Model RecalcitrantHydrocarbons by Microorganisms from Freshwater Ecosystems,”Development in Industrial Microbiology, Vol 20, 1979, pp. 479488.(10) Hoehn, R. C., Stauffer, J. R., Masnik, M
33、. T., and Hocutt, C. H.,“Relationships Between Sediment Oil Concentrations and the Mac-roinvertebrates Present in a Small Stream Following an Oil Spill,”Environmental Letters, Vol 7, No. 4, 1974, pp. 345352.(11) Lock, M. A., Wallace, R. R., Barton, D. R., and Charlton, S., “TheEffects of Synthetic C
34、rude Oil on Microbial and MacroinvertebrateBenthic River CommunitiesPart I. Colonization of Synthetic CrudeOil Contaminated Substrata,” Environmental Pollution Series A,Vol24, No. 3, 1981, pp. 207217.(12) Lock, M. A., Wallace, R. R., and Westlake, D. W. S.,“ Biodegrada-tion of Synthetic Crude Oil in
35、 Two Rivers of Northern Alberta,Canada,” Water Research, Vol 16, No. 4, 1982, pp. 497500.(13) Masnik, R. N., Stauffer, J., Hocutt, C., and Wilson, J., “The Effects ofan Oil Spill on the Macroinvertebrates and Fish in a Small South-western Virginia Creek,” Journal of Environmental Science, Healthand
36、Engineering Part A, Vol 11, Nos. 4 and 5, 1976, pp. 281296.(14) Morrison, S. M., and Cummings, B. A.,“ Microbiologically MediatedMutagenic Activity of Crude Oil,” EPA/600/S3-81-053 Corvallis,OR., 1986, 2 pp.(15) Roeder, D. R., Crum, G. H., Rosenberg, D. M., and Snow, N. B.,“Effects of Norman Wells C
37、rude Oil on Periphyton in Selected Lakesand Rivers in the Northwestern Territories,” Technical Report No.552, Canada Department of Environment, Fisheries and MarineService, Winnipeg Man., 1975, 31 pp.F 12312(16) Rutgers University and the Academy of Natural Science of Phila-delphia, “The Effect of H
38、ydrocarbon on Natural Process of Bacterialand Algal Attached Communities,” The National Science FoundationRANN Program Report, Petroleum Industry in the Delaware Delta,1977, pp. 302354.(17) Nauman, J. W., and Kernodle, D. R., “The Effect of a Fuel Oil Spillon Benthic Invertebrates and Water Quality
39、on the Alaskan ArcticSlope, Happy Valley, Near Sagwon, Alaska,” Journal of Research,U.S. Geological Survey, Vol 3, No. 4, 1975, pp. 495501.(18) Rosenberg, D. M., and Snow, N. B., “Effect of Crude Oil onZoobenthos Colonization of Artificial Substrates in Sub-Arctic Eco-systems,” Internationale Verein
40、igung fr Theoretische und An-gewandte Limnologie und Verhandlung, Vol 19, No. 3, 1975, pp.21722177.(19) Snow, N. B., Rosenberg, D. M., and Meonig, J., “The Effects ofNorman Wells Crude Oil on the Zoobenthos of a Northern YukonStream One Year After an Experimental Spill,” Technical Report No.550, Can
41、ada Department of Environment, Fisheries Marine Service,Winnipeg, Man., 1975, 8 pp.(20) Snow, N. B., and Rosenberg, D. M., “The Effects of Crude Oil on theColonization of Artificial Substrates by Zoobenthos Organisms,”Technical Report No. 551, Canada Department of Environment,Fisheries Marine Servic
42、e, Winnipeg, Man., 1975, 35 pp.(21) Mackiew, P. R., McGill, A. S., and Hardy, R., “Diesel Oil Contami-nation of Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta L.),” Environmental Pollution,Vol 3, No. 1, 1972, pp. 916.The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent
43、rights asserted in connectionwith any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suchpatent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at
44、any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive
45、careful consideration at a meeting of the responsibletechnical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make yourviews known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.This standard is copy
46、righted by ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individualreprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585(phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (http:/www.astm.org).F 12313
