1、Designation: F 1231 08Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of Oil SpillDispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments,Rivers and Creeks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1231; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assistin t
3、he control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goalof minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goalis the basis on which the recommendations are made.Aestheticand socioeconomic factors are not considered, although theseand other factors are often important in spill response
4、.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to controlor clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants isgiven equal consideration with other spill countermeasures. Itis not considered as “last resort” after all other methods havefailed.1.3 This is a general guide only. It assum
5、es the oil to bedispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, appliedcorrectly, and in compliance with relevant government regula-tions. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it isassumed that the dispersant is nonpersistent in the naturalenvironment. Oil, as used in this guid
6、e, includes crude oils andrefined petroleum products. Differences between individualdispersants or between different oil products are not consid-ered.1.4 This guide is organized by habitat type, for example,small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. Itconsiders the use of dispersants prima
7、rily to protect habitatsfrom impact (or to minimize impacts).1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inlandenvironments. It does not consider the direct application ofdispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate govern-ment authorities should be co
8、nsulted as required by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
9、rior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefitof Dispersant Use3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional responseteams who may use it during spill response planning and spillevents.3.2 This guide should be
10、adapted to site-specific circum-stances.4. Environment CoveredRivers and Creeks4.1 Rivers and creeks are moving bodies of fresh water thatare a significant part of major water systems. They have adynamic near-shore ecology and a wide variety of animal andplant species. In northern regions, these wat
11、er bodies may bepartly or completely ice covered during part of the year.Shallow rivers and most creeks may freeze to the bottom in thewinter. Commercially important fishing and recreational activi-ties are frequently associated with these water bodies.4.2 Rivers generally refer to large bodies of m
12、oving water,whereas creeks are smaller bodies of flowing water.4.3 The characteristics of these water bodies are:4.3.1 Flowing water,4.3.2 Water depths in excess of1misdesignated as a river,shallower would be a creek,4.3.3 A low organic content bottom except in shallow nearshore still-water areas,4.
13、3.4 Acidic water in some areas especially near industrialregions,4.3.5 A well defined source or outlet, or both, and1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current ed
14、ition approved March 1, 2008. Published March 2008. Originallyapproved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 1231 89 (1999).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
15、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.3.6 A well defined shoreline consisting of sand beachesand rocky headlands similar to marine and lake env
16、ironments.5. Background5.1 The effects of oil and dispersed oil on these aquaticenvironments have been the subject of numerous studies. Thestudies have involved both intentional experimental spills andstudies undertaken during actual spill situations (1-2).35.2 There have been a number of studies on
17、 the impact of oiland oil/dispersant mixtures on microbiological systems (7-17)and freshwater biota (18, 19).5.3 The principal biotic components of such water bodiesare a variety of fauna and flora. The aquatic flora include algae(planktonic and attached) and floating or submerged vascularplants. Te
18、rrestrial flora include grasses, moss, lichens, herbs,forbs, and woody plants. In deep water areas, there is littlevegetation except for algae (20-23).5.4 The fauna include invertebrates (molluscs, crustaceans,worms and other similar species), fish, a variety of waterfowland seabirds (ducks, loons,
19、gulls, terns, and herons), mammals,such as beaver and muskrat, and in many areas, significanthuman activity. The distribution and composition of species isa function of climate, local geography and soil type, and humanuse of the area (24).5.5 Human activities range from recreation and tourism, toshi
20、pping and commercial fishing. In many cases, rivers andcreeks are the source of potable water for human consumptionand industrial use.6. General Considerations for Making Dispersant UseDecisions6.1 The dispersant use decision is, in this case as mostothers, one of trade-offs. The use of dispersants
21、can reduce theadverse effects of spilled oil on certain biological species at theexpense of other components of the ecosystem (25).6.2 Guide F 2532 should be followed before making adecision to use dispersants in a river or creek.6.3 In most cases, the mortality of individual creatures,while of conc
22、ern, is of less concern than the destruction ofhabitat. The repopulation of areas after the spill will occurnaturally when an area becomes a suitable habitat for a givenspecies.7. Recommendations7.1 Dispersant use in rivers and creeks and their borderingvegetation should be considered if a spill pos
23、es a significantthreat to indigenous wildlife or its habitat. In evaluating thepotential for dispersant use, consideration should be given tothe alternatives of leaving the oil untreated or the use ofmechanical recovery equipment. In many cases, a spill re-sponse operation can cause serious damage t
24、o a rivers andcreeks habitat, or a disruption of nesting and breeding activi-ties.7.2 The turbulence of the flowing water may be adequate toprovide the energy for dispersion and vertical transport. This iscertainly the case in areas where there are rapids. In manycases, the water is shallow enough t
25、hat the dispersed oil willreach the bottom and will have the potential to cause impact onthe benthic community.7.3 The use of dispersants near water intakes is not recom-mended because there is a possibility of inducing increasedcontamination. Dispersant application should be far enoughupstream of t
26、he intake so that dilution can occur before thewater is used for potable or industrial applications.7.4 Should waterfowl, either migrating or resident, bepresent, the use of dispersants is recommended to reduce theimpact on this resource.7.5 In some areas, the protection of fish, their eggs, larvae,
27、and juveniles, is a concern. Fish larvae and eggs have beenfound to be particularly susceptible to oil. In this case,mechanical removal may be preferred if it can be completedbefore the oil contacts the eggs or larvae.8. Keywords8.1 creeks; dispersants; environmental sensitivity; freshwa-ter; inland
28、; oil spill; oil spill dispersants; riversREFERENCES(1) Blahm, T. H., Durkin, J., Snyder, G., Coley, T., and Emmett, R. L.,“Columbia River Oil Spill Study, June/July 1978,” Northwest andAlaska Fisheries Center, Coastal Zone and Estuarine Studies Division,Seattle, WA, 1980.(2) Brown, H. M., Goudey, J
29、. S., Fogh, J. M., Cheng, S.K., Dale, M.,Hoddinott, J., Quaife, L. R., and Westlake, D.W.S., “Dispersion ofSpilled Oil in Freshwater Systems: Field Trial of a Chemical Dispers-ant,” Oil and Chemical Pollution, Vol 6, 1990, pp.3754.(3) Bury, R. B., “The Effects of Diesel Fuel on a Stream Fauna,”Calif
30、ornia Fish and Game, Vol 58, No. 4, 1972, pp. 291295.(4) McCauley, R. N., “The Biological Effects of Oil Pollution in a River,Limnology and Oceanography, Vol 11, Nos. 4 and 5, 1966, pp.475486.(5) Rosenberg, D. M., and Wiens, A. P., “Community and SpeciesResponses of Chironomidae (Diptera) to Contami
31、nation of FreshWaters by Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, with Special Referenceto the Trail River, Northwest Territories,” Journal of FisheriesResearch Board of Canada, Vol 33, No. 9, 1976, pp. 19551963.(6) Rosenberg, D. M., Wiens, A. P., and Saether, O. A.,“ Responses toCrude Oil Contamination by
32、 Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bicinctus and C.( C.) mackenziensis (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the Fort SimpsonArea, Northwest Territories,” Journal of Fisheries Research Board ofCanada, Vol 34, 1977, pp. 254261.(7) Bitton, G., Chuckran, D. A., Chet, I., and Mitchell, R.,“ Resistance ofBacterial Chemotaxis
33、 to Blockage in Petroleum Waters,” MarinePollution Bulletin, Vol 10, No. 2, 1979, pp. 4849.(8) Bugbee, S. L., and Walter, C. M., “The Response of Macroinverte-brates to Gasoline Pollution in a Mountain Stream,” Proceedings of3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the
34、 end ofthis guide.F12310821973 Oil Spill Conference, Washington, DC, 1973, pp. 725731.(9) Colvin, J. W., and Gordon, R. C., “Interactions between Crude Oil andSubarctic River Bacteria,” Proceeding of Alaskan Science Conference27, 1976, pp. 159160.(10) Griffin, W. M., and Cooney, J. J., “Degradation
35、of Model RecalcitrantHydrocarbons by Microorganisms from Freshwater Ecosystems,”Development in Industrial Microbiology, Vol 20, 1979, pp. 479488.(11) Hoehn, R. C., Stauffer, J. R., Masnik, M. T., and Hocutt, C. H.,“Relationships Between Sediment Oil Concentrations and the Mac-roinvertebrates Present
36、 in a Small Stream Following an Oil Spill,”Environmental Letters, Vol 7, No. 4, 1974, pp. 345352.(12) Lock, M. A., Wallace, R. R., Barton, D. R., and Charlton, S., “TheEffects of Synthetic Crude Oil on Microbial and MacroinvertebrateBenthic River CommunitiesPart I. Colonization of Synthetic CrudeOil
37、 Contaminated Substrata,” Environmental Pollution Series A,Vol24, No. 3, 1981, pp. 207217.(13) Lock, M.A., Wallace, R. R., and Westlake, D. W. S.,“ Biodegradationof Synthetic Crude Oil in Two Rivers of Northern Alberta, Canada,”Water Research, Vol 16, No. 4, 1982, pp. 497500.(14) Masnik, R. N., Stau
38、ffer, J., Hocutt, C., and Wilson, J., “The Effects ofan Oil Spill on the Macroinvertebrates and Fish in a Small South-western Virginia Creek,” Journal of Environmental Science, Healthand Engineering Part A, Vol 11, Nos. 4 and 5, 1976, pp. 281296.(15) Morrison, S. M., and Cummings, B.A.,“ Microbiolog
39、ically MediatedMutagenic Activity of Crude Oil,” EPA/600/S3-81-053 Corvallis,OR., 1986, 2 pp.(16) Roeder, D. R., Crum, G. H., Rosenberg, D. M., and Snow, N. B.,“Effects of Norman Wells Crude Oil on Periphyton in Selected Lakesand Rivers in the Northwestern Territories,” Technical Report No.552, Cana
40、da Department of Environment, Fisheries and MarineService, Winnipeg Man., 1975, 31 pp.(17) Rutgers University and the Academy of Natural Science of Philadel-phia, “The Effect of Hydrocarbon on Natural Process of Bacterial andAlgal Attached Communities,” The National Science FoundationRANN Program Re
41、port, Petroleum Industry in the Delaware Delta,1977, pp. 302354.(18) Bhattacharyya, S., Klerks, P.L., Nyman, J.A., “Toxicity to FreshwaterOrganisms from Oils and Oil Spill Chemical Treatments in Labora-tory Microcosms,” Environmental Pollution, Vol 122, No. 2, 1 April2003, pp. 205215.(19) Klerks, P.
42、L., Nyman, J.A., Bhattacharyya, S., “Relationship betweenHydrocarbon Measurements and Toxicity to a Chironomid, FishLarva and Daphnid for Oils and Oil Spill Chemical Treatments inLaboratory Freshwater Marsh Microcosms,” Environmental Pollu-tion, Vol 129, No. 3, June 2004, pp. 345353.(20) Nauman, J.
43、W., and Kernodle, D. R., “The Effect of a Fuel Oil Spillon Benthic Invertebrates and Water Quality on the Alaskan ArcticSlope, Happy Valley, Near Sagwon, Alaska,” Journal of Research,U.S. Geological Survey, Vol 3, No. 4, 1975, pp. 495501.(21) Rosenberg, D. M., and Snow, N. B., “Effect of Crude Oil o
44、nZoobenthos Colonization of Artificial Substrates in Sub-Arctic Eco-systems,” Internationale Vereinigung fr Theoretische und An-gewandte Limnologie und Verhandlung, Vol 19, No. 3, 1975, pp.21722177.(22) Snow, N. B., Rosenberg, D. M., and Meonig, J., “The Effects ofNorman Wells Crude Oil on the Zoobe
45、nthos of a Northern YukonStream One Year After an Experimental Spill,” Technical Report No.550, Canada Department of Environment, Fisheries Marine Service,Winnipeg, Man., 1975, 8 pp.(23) Snow, N. B., and Rosenberg, D. M., “The Effects of Crude Oil on theColonization of Artificial Substrates by Zoobe
46、nthos Organisms,”Technical Report No. 551, Canada Department of Environment,Fisheries Marine Service, Winnipeg, Man., 1975, 35 pp.(24) Mackiew, P. R., McGill, A. S., and Hardy, R., “Diesel Oil Contami-nation of Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta L.),” Environmental Pollution,Vol 3, No. 1, 1972, pp. 916.(25)
47、 Walker, A. H., Kucklick, J. H., Steen, A. E., Fritz, D., “Oil SpillChemicals in Freshwater Environments: Technical Issues,” Proceed-ings of 1993 International Oil Spill Conference, API, Washington,D.C., 1993, pp. 54365450.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent ri
48、ghts asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at an
49、y time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below
