1、Designation: F1231 08F1231 14Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of Oil SpillDispersants in Freshwater and Other Inland Environments,Rivers and Creeks1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1231; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of oil spill dispersants to assis
3、t in the control of oil spills. This guide is written with the goal ofminimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; this goal is the basis on which the recommendations are made. Aesthetic andsocioeconomic factors are not considered, although these and other factors are often important in spill
4、 response.1.2 Spill responders have available several means to control or clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of dispersants is givenequal consideration with other spill countermeasures. It is not considered as “last resort” after all other methods have failed.1.3 This is a general guide on
5、ly. It assumes the oil to be dispersible and the dispersant to be effective, available, appliedcorrectly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. In the assessment of environmental sensitivity, it is assumedthat the dispersant is nonpersistent in the natural environment. Oil, as used
6、 in this guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleumproducts. Differences between individual dispersants or between different oil products are not considered.1.4 This guide is organized by habitat type, for example, small ponds and lakes, rivers and streams, and land. It considers theuse of dis
7、persants primarily to protect habitats from impact (or to minimize impacts).1.5 This guide applies only to freshwater and other inland environments. It does not consider the direct application ofdispersants to subsurface waters.1.6 In making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authoriti
8、es should be consulted as required by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
9、limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F2532 Guide for Determining Net Environmental Benefit of Dispersant Use3. Significance and Use3.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional response teams who may use it during spill response planning and spill events.3.2 This g
10、uide should be adapted to site-specific circumstances.4. Environment CoveredRivers and Creeks4.1 Rivers and creeks are moving bodies of fresh water that are a significant part of major water systems. They have a dynamicnear-shore ecology and a wide variety of animal and plant species. In northern re
11、gions, these water bodies may be partly orcompletely ice covered during part of the year. Shallow rivers and most creeks may freeze to the bottom in the winter.Commercially important fishing and recreational activities are frequently associated with these water bodies.4.2 Rivers generally refer to l
12、arge bodies of moving water, whereas creeks are smaller bodies of flowing water.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F20.13on Treatment.Current edition approved March 1, 2008March
13、1, 2014. Published March 2008. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 19992008 as F1231 89(1999).F1231 08. DOI: 10.1520/F1231-08.10.1520/F1231-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annua
14、l Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be t
15、echnically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.3 The characteristics of these water bodies are:4.3.1 Flowing water,4.3.2 Water depths in excess of 1 m is designated as a river, shallower would be a creek,4.3.3 A low organic content bottom except in shallow near shore still-water area
17、s,4.3.4 Acidic water in some areas especially near industrial regions,4.3.5 A well defined source or outlet, or both, and4.3.6 A well defined shoreline consisting of sand beaches and rocky headlands similar to marine and lake environments.5. Background5.1 The effects of oil and dispersed oil on thes
18、e aquatic environments have been the subject of numerous studies. The studieshave involved both intentional experimental spills and studies undertaken during actual spill situations (1-6).35.2 There have been a number of studies on the impact of oil and oil/dispersant mixtures on microbiological sys
19、tems (7-17) andfreshwater biota (18, 19).5.3 The principal biotic components of such water bodies are a variety of fauna and flora. The aquatic flora include algae(planktonic and attached) and floating or submerged vascular plants. Terrestrial flora include grasses, moss, lichens, herbs, forbs,and w
20、oody plants. In deep water areas, there is little vegetation except for algae (20-2223).5.4 The fauna include invertebrates (molluscs, crustaceans, worms and other similar species), fish, a variety of waterfowl andseabirds (ducks, loons, gulls, terns, and herons), mammals, such as beaver and muskrat
21、, and in many areas, significant humanactivity. The distribution and composition of species is a function of climate, local geography and soil type, and human use of thearea (2423).5.5 Human activities range from recreation and tourism, to shipping and commercial fishing. In many cases, rivers and c
22、reeksare the source of potable water for human consumption and industrial use.6. General Considerations for Making Dispersant Use Decisions6.1 The dispersant use decision is, in this case as most others, one of trade-offs. The use of dispersants can reduce the adverseeffects of spilled oil on certai
23、n biological species at the expense of other components of the ecosystem (2524).6.2 Guide F2532 should be followed before making a decision to use dispersants in a river or creek.6.3 In most cases, the mortality of individual creatures, while of concern, is of less concern than the destruction of ha
24、bitat. Therepopulation of areas after the spill will occur naturally when an area becomes a suitable habitat for a given species.7. Recommendations7.1 Dispersant use in rivers and creeks and their bordering vegetation should be considered if a spill poses a significant threatto indigenous wildlife o
25、r its habitat. In evaluating the potential for dispersant use, consideration should be given to the alternativesof leaving the oil untreated or the use of mechanical recovery equipment. In many cases, a spill response operation can causeserious damage to a rivers and creeks habitat, or a disruption
26、of nesting and breeding activities.7.2 The turbulence of the flowing water may be adequate to provide the energy for dispersion and vertical transport. This iscertainly the case in areas where there are rapids. In many cases, the water is shallow enough that the dispersed oil will reach thebottom an
27、d will have the potential to cause impact on the benthic community.7.3 The use of dispersants near water intakes is not recommended because there is a possibility of inducing increasedcontamination. Dispersant application should be far enough upstream of the intake so that dilution can occur before
28、the water isused for potable or industrial applications.7.4 Should waterfowl, either migrating or resident, be present, the use of dispersants is recommended to reduce the impact onthis resource.7.5 In some areas, the protection of fish, their eggs, larvae, and juveniles, is a concern. Fish larvae a
29、nd eggs have been foundto be particularly susceptible to oil. In this case, mechanical removal may be preferred if it can be completed before the oil contactsthe eggs or larvae.8. Keywords8.1 creeks; dispersants; environmental sensitivity; freshwater; inland; oil spill; oil spill dispersants; rivers
30、3 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this guide.F1231 142REFERENCES(1) Blahm, T. H., Durkin, J., Snyder, G., Coley, T., and Emmett, R. L., “Columbia River Oil Spill Study, June/July 1978,” Northwest and Alaska FisheriesCenter, Coastal Zone and Estuarine
31、 Studies Division, Seattle, WA, 1980.(2) Bury, R. B., “The Effects of Diesel Fuel on a Stream Fauna,” California Fish and Game, Vol 58, No. 4, 1972, pp. 291295.(3) McCauley, R. N., “The Biological Effects of Oil Pollution in a River, Limnology and Oceanography, Vol 11, Nos. 4 and 5, 1966, pp. 475486
32、.(4) Rosenberg, D. M., and Wiens,A. P., “Community and Species Responses of Chironomidae (Diptera) to Contamination of Fresh Waters by Crude Oiland Petroleum Products, with Special Reference to the Trail River, Northwest Territories,” Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol 33,No. 9, 1976
33、, pp. 19551963.(5) Rosenberg, D. M., Wiens, A. P., and Saether, O. A.,“ Responses to Crude Oil Contamination by Cricotopus (Cricotopus) bicinctus and C. (C.)mackenziensis (Diptera: Chironomidae) in the Fort Simpson Area, Northwest Territories,” Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Vol 34,1
34、977, pp. 254261.(6) Brown, H. M., Goudey, J. S., Fogh, J. M., Cheng, S.K., Dale, M., Hoddinott, J., Quaife, L. R., and Westlake, D.W.S., “Dispersion of Spilled Oil inFreshwater Systems: Field Trial of a Chemical Dispersant,” Oil and Chemical Pollution, Vol 6, 1990, pp.3754.(7) Bitton, G., Chuckran,
35、D. A., Chet, I., and Mitchell, R.,“ Resistance of Bacterial Chemotaxis to Blockage in Petroleum Waters,” Marine PollutionBulletin , Vol 10, No. 2, 1979, pp. 4849.(8) Bugbee, S. L., and Walter, C. M., “The Response of Macroinvertebrates to Gasoline Pollution in a Mountain Stream,” Proceedings of 1973
36、 Oil SpillConference , Washington, DC, 1973, pp. 725731.(9) Colvin, J. W., and Gordon, R. C., “Interactions between Crude Oil and Subarctic River Bacteria,” Proceeding of Alaskan Science Conference 27,1976, pp. 159160.(10) Griffin, W. M., and Cooney, J. J., “Degradation of Model Recalcitrant Hydroca
37、rbons by Microorganisms from Freshwater Ecosystems,”Development in Industrial Microbiology, Vol 20, 1979, pp. 479488.(11) Hoehn, R. C., Stauffer, J. R., Masnik, M. T., and Hocutt, C. H., “Relationships Between Sediment Oil Concentrations and the MacroinvertebratesPresent in a Small Stream Following
38、an Oil Spill,” Environmental Letters, Vol 7, No. 4, 1974, pp. 345352.(12) Lock, M.A., Wallace, R. R., Barton, D. R., and Charlton, S., “The Effects of Synthetic Crude Oil on Microbial and Macroinvertebrate Benthic RiverCommunitiesPart I. Colonization of Synthetic Crude Oil Contaminated Substrata,” E
39、nvironmental Pollution Series A, Vol 24, No. 3, 1981, pp.207217.(13) Lock, M. A., Wallace, R. R., and Westlake, D. W. S.,“ Biodegradation of Synthetic Crude Oil in Two Rivers of Northern Alberta, Canada,” WaterResearch , Vol 16, No. 4, 1982, pp. 497500.(14) Masnik, R. N., Stauffer, J., Hocutt, C., a
40、nd Wilson, J., “The Effects of an Oil Spill on the Macroinvertebrates and Fish in a Small SouthwesternVirginia Creek,” Journal of Environmental Science, Health and Engineering Part A, Vol 11, Nos. 4 and 5, 1976, pp. 281296.(15) Morrison, S. M., and Cummings, B. A.,“ Microbiologically Mediated Mutage
41、nic Activity of Crude Oil,” EPA/600/S3-81-053 Corvallis, OR., 1986, 2 pp.(16) Roeder, D. R., Crum, G. H., Rosenberg, D. M., and Snow, N. B., “Effects of Norman Wells Crude Oil on Periphyton in Selected Lakes and Riversin the Northwestern Territories,” Technical Report No. 552, Canada Department of E
42、nvironment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Winnipeg Man.,1975, 31 pp.(17) Rutgers University and the Academy of Natural Science of Philadelphia, “The Effect of Hydrocarbon on Natural Process of Bacterial and AlgalAttached Communities,” The National Science Foundation RANN Program Report, Petroleum In
43、dustry in the Delaware Delta, 1977, pp. 302354.(18) Bhattacharyya, S., Klerks, P.L., Nyman, J.A., “Toxicity to Freshwater Organisms from Oils and Oil Spill Chemical Treatments in LaboratoryMicrocosms,” Environmental Pollution, Vol 122, No. 2, 1 April 2003, pp. 205215.(19) Klerks, P.L., Nyman, J.A.,
44、Bhattacharyya, S., “Relationship between Hydrocarbon Measurements and Toxicity to a Chironomid, Fish Larva andDaphnid for Oils and Oil Spill Chemical Treatments in Laboratory Freshwater Marsh Microcosms,” Environmental Pollution, Vol 129, No. 3, June2004, pp. 345353.(20) Nauman, J. W., and Kernodle,
45、 D. R., “The Effect of a Fuel Oil Spill on Benthic Invertebrates and Water Quality on theAlaskanArctic Slope, HappyValley, Near Sagwon, Alaska,” Journal of Research, U.S. Geological Survey, Vol 3, No. 4, 1975, pp. 495501.(21) Rosenberg, D. M., and Snow, N. B., “Effect of Crude Oil on Zoobenthos Colo
46、nization of Artificial Substrates in Sub-Arctic Ecosystems,”Internationale Vereinigung fr Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie und Verhandlung , Vol 19, No. 3, 1975, pp. 21722177.F1231 143(22) SnowDebruyn, N. B., Rosenberg, D. M., and Meonig, J., “The Effects of Norman Wells CrudeA.M.H., Wernick,
47、B.G., Stefura, C., Mcdonald, B.G.,Rudolph, B.-L., Patterson, L., Chapman, P.M. In situ experimental assessment of lake whitefish development following a freshwater oil spill Oilon the Zoobenthos of a NorthernYukon Stream OneYearAfter an Experimental Spill,” (2007) Technical Report No. 550Environment
48、al Science andTechnology, Canada41 Department(20 of), pp. 6983Environment, Fisheries Marine Service, Winnipeg, Man., -6989.1975, 8 pp.(23) Snow, N. B., and Rosenberg, D. M., “The Effects of Crude Oil on the Colonization of Artificial Substrates by Zoobenthos Organisms,” TechnicalReport No. 551, Cana
49、da Department of Environment, Fisheries Marine Service, Winnipeg, Man., 1975, 35 pp.(23) Mackiew, P. R., McGill, A. S., and Hardy, R., “Diesel Oil Contamination of Brown Trout ( Salmo trutta L.),” Environmental Pollution, Vol 3, No.1, 1972, pp. 916.(24) Walker, A. H., Kucklick, J. H., Steen, A. E., Fritz, D., “Oil Spill Chemicals in Freshwater Environments: Technical Issues,” Proceedings of 1993International Oil Spill Conference, API, Washington, D.C., 1993, pp. 54365450.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights
