1、Designation: F 1280 08Standard Guide forEcological Considerations for the Use of Surface WashingAgents: Impermeable Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1280; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of surface washing agents toassist in the cleanup of oil spills. This guide is
3、 written with thegoal of minimizing the environmental impacts of oil spills; thisgoal is the basis on which the recommendations are made.Aesthetic and socioeconomic factors are not considered al-though these and other factors are often important in spillresponse.1.2 In making surface washing agent u
4、se decisions, appro-priate government authorities should be consulted as requiredby law.1.3 Spill responders have available several means to controlor clean up spilled oil. In this guide, the use of chemical surfacewashing agents is considered.1.4 This is a general guide only. It assumes the oil to
5、betreatable and the surface washing agent to be effective,available, applied correctly, and in compliance with relevantgovernment regulations. In the assessment of environmentalsensitivity, it is assumed that the surface washing agent isnon-persistent in the natural environment. Oil, as used in this
6、guide, includes crude oils and refined petroleum products.Differences between individual surface washing agents orbetween different oil products are not considered.1.5 This guide applies only to impermeable surfaces.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, ass
7、ociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F 1279 Guide for Ecological Considerations for the Restr
8、ic-tion of the Use of Surface Washing Agents: PermeableSurfacesF 1872 Guide for Use of Chemical Shoreline CleaningAgents: Environmental and Operational Considerations3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 permeabilitythe capacity of the surface to conductor transmit liquids such as water. An impermeabl
9、e surfacewould not transmit water in a short time (minutes).3.1.2 surfacethe top or cover of the land at the site ofinterest.3.1.3 surface washing agentschemical substances, includ-ing surfactants, intended to loosen oil from surfaces. Surfacewashing agents do not include dispersants. (See Guide F 1
10、872for details on the use of surface washing agents.)4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is meant to aid local and regional responseteams who may use it during spill response planning and spillevents.4.2 This guide should be adapted to site-specific circum-stances.5. Environment CoveredImpermeable
11、 Surfaces5.1 Impermeable surfaces include any soil, rock, hard pan,or other natural surface that does not readily permit the passageof water and oil.5.2 Impermeable surfaces include man-made surfaces suchas paved roads and parking lots. (See Guide F 1279 forpermeable surfaces.)5.3 The impermeable su
12、rface should allow for the contain-ment and recovery of oil-contaminated water resulting from thecleaning process.6. Background6.1 Oil and surface washing agents will ultimately run offan impermeable surface (1, 2).3The environment receiving1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20
13、 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.13 on Treatment.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published September 2008. Originallyapproved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F 1280 90 (1999),which was withdrawn in January
14、2008 and reinstated in September 2008.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers i
15、n parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.runoff should be considered. As an example, experience withspills on impermeable surfaces included runoff into a p
16、erme-able zone and extensive groundwater contamination.6.2 A laboratory experiment has shown that explosionpotential is increased by using surface washing agents on fuelspills in sewers (2, 3).6.3 Studies of the toxicity of natural products such asd-limonene, from citrus peels, reveals that many of
17、these havehigh aquatic toxicities, while showing little human toxicity (4,5) The agent toxicity should be considered where unintentionalrun-off can affect biota.7. Recommendations7.1 Oil or dispersed oil on impermeable surfaces may runoff to other environments and response should be planned foraccor
18、dingly.7.2 All runoff from surface washing operations on imper-meable surfaces should be collected.7.3 Surface washing agents should never be used if therunoff can reach groundwater, especially that used for drinkingwater.8. Keywords8.1 impermeable; land; oil spill; oil spill surface washingagents;
19、road surfaces; surface washing agentsREFERENCES(1) McGill, W. B., and Bergstrom, D., “Inland Oil Spills and their Impactson Land,” Stress on Land in Canada, Lands Directorate, EnvironmentCanada, Ottawa, Ont., 1983, pp. 153181.(2) Smith, A. J., “Success and Failures with Oil Spills in SoutheasternInl
20、and Waters,” Proceedings of the 1973 Conference on Preventionand Control of Oil Spills, American Petroleum Institute, Washington,DC, 1973, pp. 583588.(3) Fingas, M. F., Hughes, K. A., and Bobra, A. M., “The Behaviour ofDispersed and Nondispersed Fuels in a Sewer System,” Oil Dispers-ants: New Ecolog
21、ical Approaches, ASTM STP 1018, ASTM, 1989, pp.274289.(4) Fingas, M. F., Kyle, D. A., Laroche, N. D., Fieldhouse, B .G., Sergy,G., and Stoodley, R. G. “The Effectiveness Testing of Spill TreatingAgents,” The Use of Chemicals in Oil Spill Response, ASTM STP1252, Peter Lane, Ed., American Society for
22、Testing and Materials,Philadelphia, 1995, pp. 286298.(5) Walker, A. H., Kucklick, J. H., and Michel, J.J., Effectiveness andEnvironmental Considerations for Non-dispersant Chemical Counter-measures, Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol 71, No. 1, 1999, pp.6781.ASTM International takes no position respect
23、ing the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This stan
24、dard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM Internatio
25、nal Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.
26、This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).F1280082
