1、Designation: F1292 13F1292 17 An American National StandardStandard Specification forImpact Attenuation of Surfacing Materials Within the UseZone of Playground Equipment1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofo
2、riginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONSurveys by the United States Consumer Product Safety Commiss
3、ion (CPSC)2 and others haveshown that falls from playground equipment onto the underlying surface are a significant cause ofinjuries to children. Severe head injuries are the most frequently implicated cause of death inplayground equipment-related falls. Use of appropriate impact-attenuating surfaci
4、ng materials in theuse zone of playground equipment can reduce the risk of fall-related injury. In particular, it is believedthat the risk of life-threatening head injuries is reduced when appropriate surfacing materials areinstalled.This specification specifies impact attenuation performance requir
5、ements for playground surfacesand surfacing materials and provides a means of determining impact attenuation performance using atest method that simulates the impact of a childs head with the surface. The test method quantifiesimpact in terms of g-max and Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores. G-max is
6、 the measure of themaximum acceleration (shock) produced by an impact. The Head Injury Criterion or HIC score is anempirical measure of impact severity based on published research describing the relationship betweenthe magnitude and duration of impact accelerations and the risk of head trauma. The s
7、tandard includesprocedures allowing surfacing materials to be performance-rated before installation and for installedsurfacing materials to be tested for conformance with the specification.The purpose of this specification is to reduce the frequency and severity of fall-related head injuriesto child
8、ren by establishing a uniform and reliable means of comparing and specifying the impactattenuation of playground surfaces. Its use will give designers, manufacturers, installers, prospectivepurchasers, owners, and operators of playgrounds a means of objectively assessing the performanceof surfacing
9、materials under and around playground equipment and hence of evaluating the associatedinjury risk.1. Scope1.1 This specification establishes minimum performance requirements for the impact attenuation of playground surfacingmaterials installed within the use zone of playground equipment.1.2 This spe
10、cification is specific to surfacing used in conjunction with playground equipment, such as that described inSpecifications F1148, F1487, F1918, F1951, and F2075.1.3 This specification establishes an impact attenuation performance criterion for playground surfacing materials; expressed asa critical f
11、all height.1.4 This specification establishes procedures for determining the critical fall height of playground surfacing materials underlaboratory conditions. The laboratory test is mandatory for surfaces to conform to the requirements of this specification.1.5 The laboratory test required by this
12、specification addresses the performance of dry surfacing materials.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.63 on Playground Surfacing Systems.Current edition approve
13、d Nov. 1, 2013May 1, 2017. Published November 2013May 2017. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20092013 asF1292 09.F1292 13. DOI: 10.1520/F1292-13.10.1520/F1292-17.2 U.S. CPSC Special Study. Injuries and Deaths Associated with Childrens Playground Equipment, April 2001. U
14、S Consumer Product Safety Commission, WashingtonDC.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accur
15、ately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United Stat
16、es11.6 The critical fall height of a playground surfacing material determined under laboratory conditions does not account forimportant factors that have the potential to influence the actual performance of installed surfacing materials. Factors that are knownto affect surfacing material performance
17、 include but are not limited to aging, moisture, maintenance, exposure to temperatureextremes (for example, freezing), exposure to ultraviolet light, contamination with other materials, compaction, loss of thickness,shrinkage, submersion in water, and so forth.1.7 This specification also establishes
18、 a procedure for testing installed playground surfaces in order to determine whether aninstalled playground surface meets the specified performance criterion.1.8 The results of a field test determine conformance of installed playground surfacing materials with the criterion of thisspecification and
19、are specific to the ambient conditions under which the test was performed.1.9 The impact attenuation specification and test methods established in this specification are specific to the risk of head injury.There is only limited evidence that conformance with the requirements of this specification re
20、duces the risk of other kinds ofserious injury (for example, long bone fractures).NOTE 1The relative risk of fatality and of different degrees of head injury may be estimated using the information in Appendix X1, which showsthe relationships between the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) scores of an impac
21、t and the probability of head injury.1.10 This specification relates only to the impact attenuation properties of playground surfacing materials and does not addressother factors that contribute to fall-related injuries. While it is believed that conformance with the requirements of this specificati
22、onwill reduce the risk of serious injury and death from falls, adherence to this specification will not prevent all injuries and deaths.1.11 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided
23、 for information only and are not considered standard.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability
24、of regulatoryrequirements prior to use.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Tra
25、de Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodF355 Test Method for Impact Attenuation of Playing Surface Systems, Other Protective Sport Systems,
26、and Materials Used forAthletics, Recreation and PlayF429 Test Method for Shock-Attenuation Characteristics of Protective Headgear for FootballF1148 Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Home Playground EquipmentF1487 Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Playground Equipment for Publ
27、ic UseF1918 Safety Performance Specification for Soft Contained Play EquipmentF1951 Specification for Determination of Accessibility of Surface Systems Under and Around Playground EquipmentF2075 Specification for Engineered Wood Fiber for Use as a Playground Safety Surface Under and Around Playgroun
28、dEquipment2.2 SAE Standard:SAE J211 Recommended Practice for Instrumentation for Impact Tests42.3 Federal Documents:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Publication 325, Handbook for Public Playground SafetyU.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Special Study: Injuries and Deaths Associated wi
29、th Childrens PlaygroundEquipment. April 20023. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Related to Playground Installations:3.1.1 critical fall height (CFH)a measure of the impact attenuation performance of a playground surface or surfacingmaterials; defined as the highest theoretical drop height from wh
30、ich a surface meets the impact attenuation performance criterionspecified by this specification. The critical fall height approximates the maximum fall height from which a life-threatening headinjury would not be expected to occur.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org,
31、or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.F1292 1723.1.2 designated pl
32、ay surfaceany elevated surface for standing, walking, sitting, or climbing, or a flat surface larger than 2.0in. (51 mm) wide by 2.0 in. (51 mm) long having less than 30 angle from horizontal.3.1.3 fall heightthe vertical distance between a designated play surface and the playground surface beneath
33、it.3.1.3.1 DiscussionFall heights for specific types of play structure are defined in Specifications F1148, F1487, and F1918.3.1.4 playground equipmentany fixed physical structure installed in a designated play area that is accessible to children foractivities such as climbing, swinging, sliding, ro
34、cking, spinning, crawling, creeping, or combinations thereof.3.1.5 playground surfacea manufactured or natural material used to cover the ground below playground equipment, includingfoundations, substrates, and any compliant surfacing materials intended to attenuate impact.3.1.6 play structurea free
35、-standing structure with one or more components and their supporting members.3.1.7 public use playground equipmenta play structure anchored to the ground or not intended to be moved, for use in playareas of schools, parks, child-care facilities, institutions, multiple-family dwellings, private resor
36、ts and recreation developments,restaurants, and other areas of public use.3.1.8 surfacing materialsmaterials used to cover the surface of the playground use zone.3.1.8.1 loose-fill surfacea compliant top layer of small, independently, movable components; for example, wood fiber, barkmulch, wood chip
37、s, shredded foam, shredded rubber, sand, gravel, and so forth.3.1.8.2 aggregate surfacea loose fill surface in which the compliant top layer is made of particulate materials (for example,sand, gravel, crushed marble, slag, cinders, calcined materials).3.1.8.3 unitary surfacea compliant top layer of
38、one or more material components bound together to form a continuous surface;for example, urethane and rubber composites, moulded foam, moulded rubber mats.3.1.9 use zonethe area beneath and immediately adjacent to a play structure or playground equipment that is designated forunrestricted circulatio
39、n around the equipment and on whose surface it is predicted that a user would land when falling from orexiting the equipment.3.1.10 specifierperson or entity responsible for specifying the performance requirements of a playground surface. (Forexample an architect, or the prospective purchaser, owner
40、, or operator of a playground.)3.2 Definitions of Terms Related to Impact Testing:3.2.1 accelerationthe rate of change of velocity with time, expressed in units of ft/sm s-22 (m/s(ft s-22).3.2.2 drop heightheight from which the missile is dropped during an impact test, measured as the vertical dista
41、nce betweenthe lowest point of the elevated missile and surface under test.3.2.3 gthe acceleration due to earths gravity at sea level, having a standard value of 9.80665 m scommon notation foraccelerations -2. The standard value may be approximated as 32.174 ft/s-2 (9.807 m/s-2). Accelerations may b
42、e expressed in unitsof gstandard gravity,s, where 1 g = the acceleration due to 1 standard gravity.3.2.4 g-maxthe maximum acceleration of a missile during an impact, expressed in g units.3.2.5 head injury criterion (HIC)a specific integral of the acceleration-time history of an impact, used to deter
43、mine relativerisk of head injury. See Appendix X1.3.2.6 HIC intervalthe time interval within the acceleration-time history of an impact over which the HIC integral is evaluated.3.2.7 impactcontact caused by a moving object (for example, an impact test missile) striking another object (for example, a
44、surface) and during which one or both bodies are subject to high accelerations.3.2.8 impact attenuationproperty of a playground surface that, through localized deformation or displacement, absorbs theenergy of an impact in a way that reduces the magnitudes of peak impact force and peak acceleration.
45、3.2.9 impact testa procedure in which the impact attenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials is determined bymeasuring the acceleration of a missile dropped onto the surface.3.2.9.1 free-fall impact testan impact test in which the trajectory of the missile is not restrained by rails,
46、wires, or mechanismsor structures of any type.3.2.9.2 guided impact testan impact test in which the trajectory of the missile is restrained by rails, wires, or other mechanismor structure.3.2.9.3 impact test resultsone or more measured or calculated values from one or more impact tests used to defin
47、e the impactattenuation of a playground surface or surfacing materials.3.2.10 impact test sitepoint on the surface of an installed playground surface that is selected as the target of an impact test.F1292 1733.2.11 impact velocitythe velocity (V0) of a falling body (for example, a missile) at the in
48、stant of impact.3.2.12 missilea rigid object of specified mass having a hemispherical surface of specified radius; used to impart an impact toa surface (see Fig. 1).3.2.13 missile reference planethe plane of the flat circular face of the hemispherical missile.3.2.14 performance criterionlimiting val
49、ues of one or more impact test results used to specify minimum impact attenuationperformance.3.2.15 reference drop heighta specification of the theoretical drop height of an impact test.3.2.16 reference MEP pada modular elastomer programmer pad with consistent and known impact attenuation properties thatis used to verify proper functioning of the impact test equipment.3.2.17 reference temperaturea specification of the temperature conditioning of a surfacing materials on which an impact testis performed.3.2.18 sample test pointpoint
