1、Designation: F 1294 97a (Reapproved 2003)Standard Terminology Relating toAutomatic Identification Hard Copy Printing Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1294; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The definitions in this terminology are those that relatedirectly or indirectly to business imaging har
3、d copy printingused in automatic data-capture systems and the measurementof the quality thereof.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ANSI Standard:ANSI X3.182 Guideline for Bar Code Print Quality3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:2D matrix symbolssee matrix symbols.2D stacked symbolssee multi-row symbols.2D (two-d
4、imensional) symbol, na machine-readable sym-bol that must be examined both vertically and horizontally toread the entire message. Two-dimensional symbols may beof two types: matrix symbols and multi-row symbols.achieved width, nthe calculated bar or other element widthbased on measurements.AIAG, nan
5、 abbreviation for the Automotive Industry ActionGroup; a standards body composed of representatives fromthe U.S. automobile industry responsible for the develop-ment of a common automotive industry standard relating tosymbol technologies and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI).AIM, nan acronym for the
6、 Automatic Identification Manu-facturers; a trade association of automatic identificationsuppliers.angle of incidence, nthe angle between an incident ray andthe normal to a surface at the point of contact. Whenreferring to a scanner reading a printed symbol, the anglebetween the light source scanner
7、 beam and the symbolposition.aspect ratio, nin a bar code symbol, the ratio of bar heightto symbol length.autodiscrimination, nthe ability of a symbol reader toautomatically recognize and decode multiple symbologies.bar, none of two types of elements comprising a bar codesymbol. An element of a bar
8、code symbol whose reflectanceis less than the Global Threshold.bar code, nan array of parallel rectangular marks and spacesin a predetermined pattern.bar code density, nthe number of characters that can berepresented in a lineal inch. (See symbol density).bar code label, nan adhesive-backed carrier
9、bearing printedbar code information suitable for a affixing to an apparatus,equipment, or container surface.bar code readersee bar code scanner.bar code scanner, na device used to identify and decode abar code symbol.bar code symbol, nan array of rectangular bars and spaces,arranged in a predetermin
10、ed pattern, following specific rulesthat represent elements of data referred to as characters.DISCUSSIONTypical bar code symbols contain a leading quiet zone,start character, data characters, check characters (if any), stop characterand a trailing quiet zone. Examples are: UPC code, Code 11, Code 39
11、,Code 128, 2 of 5 code and Codabar.bar height, nthe dimension of a symbol element perpen-dicular to its width.bar reflectance (Rb), nthe smallest reflectance value in abar.bar width, nthe thickness of a bar measured from the edgeclosest to the symbol start character to the trailing edge ofthe same b
12、ar.bar width ratio, nin symbologies having two widths, theratio of the widest to the narrowest width within the bar codesymbol. (See also wide to narrow ratio.)bar width reduction, na diminution of the nominal barwidth dimension on film masters or printing plates tocompensate for systematic errors i
13、n some printing processes.base side, adjwhen referring to a film master, the nonimagebearing side (See also the reverse, emulsion side.)bearer bars, nsolid lines that are located at the perimeter ofsome bar code symbols whose purpose is to reduce partial,incorrect scans and support the printing plat
14、e. Bearer bars donot contain information.bi-directional, adjin reference to bar codes, symbologiesthat may be decoded whether scanned in one direction or thereverse direction.charge coupled device, CCD, nan array (linear or matrix) oftransductive elements wherein packets of electrons are set ineach
15、element as a result of the quantity of light received1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F05 onBusiness Imaging Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F05.01on Nomenclature and Definitions.Current edition approved May 10, 1997. Published February 1998.1Co
16、pyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.during an exposure interval, and where these packets arerecovered from the array in the form of a pulse height-modulated electric signal.characters, nin bar code symbols, the smallest grou
17、p ofelements that represent one or more numbers, letters, punc-tuation marks or other information.character set, nthose characters available for encodation ina particular automatic identification technology.check character, na calculated character included within asymbol whose value is used to perfo
18、rm a mathematicalcheck of the accuracy of the decoded data.clear area, na space containing no dark marks, whichprecedes the start character of a symbol and which followsthe stop character. Also, the region of a document reservedfor OCR characters and the required unmarked space aroundthese character
19、s. (See also quiet zone.)code density, nthe number of characters that can appear perunit of length, usually expressed as characters per inch (cpi).code medium, nthe material used to construct a machine-readable code; such materials may be retroreflective, lumi-nescent, magnetic, opaque, transponder
20、or conductive.code set, nthe specific assignment of data characters tosymbol characters.code word, nin reference to bar codes, an arrangement ofbars and spaces used to communicate one or more datacharacters.concatenation, nthe linking or chaining together of eitherseparate items of data in a bar cod
21、e symbol, or of the datacontained in two or more separate bar code symbols (alsoreferred to as “message append”).compliance indicator, na specified string of three charactersindicating that the message which follows conforms to therequirements of a particular standard.contact scanner, na bar code re
22、ader that requires physicalcontact between the code medium and the scanner.continuous bar code, na bar code symbology where allspaces within the symbol are parts of characters and nointer-character spaces are present.contrast, nthe difference in reflectance between dark barsand light spaces of a bar
23、 code symbol.data element, na single, atomic piece of data that cannot besubdivided and still retain any meaning.data identifier, DI, na specified character, or string ofcharacters, that define the intended use of the data elementsthat follow.decoder, nas part of the two-dimensional symbol and linea
24、rbar code reading systems, the electronic package thatreceives the signals from the scanner, executes the algorithmto interpret the signals into meaningful data, and acts as theinterface to other devices.delta code, nin encoding information in a one-dimensionalmedium, intervals that are subdivided i
25、nto modules that areassigned values of “1” or “0” where “1s” are bars and “0s”are spaces. Examples are UPC, Code 128, Code 93 and Code49.density, nin printed symbologies, the number of data char-acters that can be contained in a given unit of measure.Linear bar code density is expressed in character
26、s per inch(CPI) and two-dimensional symbol density is expressed incharacters per square inch (CPSI).depth of field, nin bar code reading, the difference betweenthe minimum and maximum distance from the aperture ofthe reader to the symbol throughout which the bar code canbe accurately interpreted.dia
27、gnostic verifier, na device that automatically evaluatesthe quality of a film master or a printed code by comparingthe observed information to a standard for the printedsymbol.diffuse reflection, nthe component of reflected light thatemanates uniformly in all directions from the reflectingsurface.di
28、rt, nwhen referenced for scanning purposes, the presenceof non-reflective foreign particles embedded in a substrate.discrete bar code, na bar code symbol in which theintercharacter space is not part of the code and is allowed tovary dimensionally within wider tolerances than those speci-fied for bar
29、s and spaces. An example would be Code 39.EAN International, nabbreviation for the (European) Inter-national Article Numbering Association.EAN symbology, nsymbologies specified by the Interna-tional Article Numbering Association, EAN International.edge contrast, EC, nthe difference between the space
30、reflectance (Rs) and the adjoining bar reflectance (Rb)ascalculated by the equation: EC = Rs Rb.edge-to-edge symbologies, na bar code scheme that can bedecoded using edge-to-similar-edge measurements, such asfrom the start of one bar to the start of another or from theend of one bar to the end of an
31、other. Examples are Code 93,Code 128, Code 49 and Code 16K.Electronic Industries Association, EIA, nan abbreviationfor a standards organization in the United States specializingin the electrical and functional characteristics of interfaceequipment.electronic data interchange, EDI, nthe communication
32、 ofdata between business trading partners accomplished in astandard format and syntax.element, nin coded symbologies, a single bar or space inlinear or stacked configurations or a single cell in matrix(2-D) configurations.element edge, nthe location where the scan reflectanceprofile intersects the m
33、idpoint between the space reflectance(Rs) and bar reflectance (Rb) of adjoining elements.element width, nthe thickness of an element measured fromthe leading edge of an element to the trailing edge of thesame element. (See X dimension.)emulsion side, nthe image-bearing side of a film master.(See als
34、o the opposite base side.)erasure correction, na use of error correction characters tocorrect data errors that have unknown locations.DISCUSSIONOnly one error correction character is required tocorrect each erasure.error correction, nuse of error correction characters tolocate and correct data error
35、s that have unknown locations.F 1294 97a (2003)2DISCUSSIONTwo error correction characters are required to correcteach error (one to locate the error and the second to correct thecharacters data).error correction characters, nspecial symbol charactersthat are calculated mathematically from other symb
36、ol char-acters for the purpose of error correction, error detection orerasure correction.error detection, nuse of error correction characters todetermine that the number of errors in the symbol exceedsthe error correction capacity.DISCUSSIONError detection prevents the symbol from being de-coded as
37、erroneous data.error correction level, nan indicator of the number of errorcorrection characters in a symbol.field of view, nthe lineal dimension defining the length of abar code that can be read in one scan, particularly significantin moving beam and array technologies.filler character, na characte
38、r inserted to extend an item ofdata to achieve a desired length. (See also pad character.)film master, na master negative or positive film transpar-ency of a specific bar code symbol from which a printingplate is made.finder patterns, na unique pattern, containing no data, thatis specific to each sy
39、mbology, whose purpose is to locate thesymbol within the readers field of view.fixed beam scanner, neither a visible light or laser scannerreading in a set plane.fixed mount reader, na bar code reader that is mounted in astationary fashion to intersect the plane of a bar code symbolpassing before th
40、e reader. Often employed in conveyor andtransport systems.flux, nthe combining of photons of light energy to createradiant power.DISCUSSIONLuminous flux or visible light energy, ranges from 390to 770 nm. Radiant flux encompasses all light energy in the opticalspectrumultraviolet, visible, and infrar
41、ed wavelengths.global threshold, GT, nthe reflectance level that discrimi-nates bars from spaces in a scan reflectance profile.DISCUSSIONThe global threshold is established through the middleof a profile at a constant reflectance value. The reflectance value isdetermined by dividing the symbol contr
42、ast (SC) by 2 and adding theminimum reflectance, Rmin according to the equation:GT 5 Rmin 1SC/2! (1)haloing, na shadow effect around the entire printed segmentor around the leading edge of a printed segment caused byexcessive pressure between the printing plate and the printedsurface.hand-held scann
43、er, na scanner held and operated by ahuman, thus enabling the scanner to be brought to thesymbol.highlighting lines, nin label printing, horizontal, thick,divider lines placed above and below the package identifi-cation building block.horizontal bar code, na bar code symbol presented in sucha manner
44、 that its overall length dimension is parallel to thehorizon; also called, picket fence.human-readable interpretation, nthe letters, digits or othercharacters associated with specific symbol characters andprinted along with the linear bar code or two-dimensionalsymbol.image processing, ntechniques f
45、or filtering, storing andretrieving images, and for processing pictorial informationby computer.incident irradiation, nthe amount of flux per unit area thatis normal (perpendicular) to a surface or detector.DISCUSSIONIf the flux is not normal (not perpendicular), then thecomponent of the angular flu
46、x is the incidence. In radiometric terms,incidence is called radiant incidence or irradiance. Irradiance (Ee) ismeasured in watts per square metre using the formula Ee = W/m2.ink fill-in, nexpansion of a mark beyond specified toler-ances.inspection band, nan area of the bar code symbol wheremeasurem
47、ents are taken spanning from 10 to 90 % of theaverage bar height.intensity, nthe amount of radiant or luminous flux per unitsolid angle that diverges from a light source.intercharacter space, nthe space between the last bar of onecharacter and the first bar of the next that separates twoadjacent cha
48、racters. Also called intercharacter gap.label, na piece of paper, cloth, polymer, metal, or othermaterial affixed to something and indicating its contents,destination, or other information.ladder codeSee vertical bar code.laser marking, netching of data by lasers that directly marka surface such as
49、metal, wood, and fiberboard.laser scanner, nan optical bar code reading device using alow energy laser light beam as its source of illumination.light pen, nin a bar code system, a handheld scanning wandthat is used as a contact bar code reader where the operatortraverses the reader across the bar code symbol.light source, nfor symbology readers, light energy can beemitted in straight lines from a point source or from severalpoints as an extended source.DISCUSSIONLight sources for bar cod
